Unit 6 Isms

state

political entity that levies taxes; finances an army and state bureaucracy; issues demands certain obligations of its citizens such as military service, obedience to laws and payment of taxes

nation

group of people bound together by common language, religion, history, culture, ancestry, or territory

nationalism

political ideology arising in the late 18th century that demanded the nation have control over its own state

threatened the unity of large multinational states (Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary)

conservatism

against ideas of enlightenment, valued tradition, status quo, aristocratic and clerical authority, obedience to political authority, disliked revolution and rapid social change

Liberalism

popular sovereignty, individual rights, suffrage, end to rigid social hierarchies, no overbearing or repressive governments, often supported by the bourgeoisie, pro-constitutions, pro-private property, free market, rule of law

romanticism

emphasis on emotions and imagination- stirring emotions, glorification of the emotional component of human nature,subject matter- current events, nature, nationalism, themes: death and religion

realism

art movement 1850s started in France, emphasis on everyday life, portraying different socioeconomic backgrounds, photographic accuracy, making the painting as realistic looking as possible

impressionism

a response to photography by avoiding realistic depictions, paintings often done in open air, bright colors, rapid strokes

Post-impressionism

reaction against impressionism and its concern for natural depictions of light and color, emphasized geometric forms, distorting forms, unnatural and random colors, more symbolic, more abstract

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections, suffragettes founded by Emmeline Pankhurst

Otto von Busmark

responsible for transforming a collection of small German states into the German empire, and was its first chancellor, practiced Realpolitik, engages Prussia in 3 wars (Danish war, Austro-Prussian war, Franco-Prussian war)

Blood and iron

Bismark believed that German unification was only possible through this (aka warfare) not through constitutional means

Franco-Prussian War

1870-71, France v. Germans, Germany gained territories of Alsace and Lorraine, in 1871 Bismark declared the establishment of the German empire at the palace of versialles, German unification was complete

kulturkampf

19871-79, translates to “battle for civilization” or “culture struggle,” refers to conflict between Bismark and Pope Pius IX, Bismarks goal to make catholics more loyal to the German Empire than to the catholic church, laws passed restricting Catholic education and worship, bismark wanted more control over catholic education and appoinment of catholic bishops

militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Giuseppe Garibaldi

raised an army of 1,000 volunteers called Red Shirts, landed in Sicily with the Red Shirts in July 1860 and took control of Sicily, August 1860 took control of Naples and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Giuseppe Mazzini

advocated for united Italy, wrote Duties of Man in favor of Italian unification, founded “young Italy” in 1831

Potato Famine

potato blight caused by fungus, over 1 million Irish died of starvation, over 1 million left Ireland and went to North America, Australia, or England

Home Rule

would give Ireland more say in how it was governed

Antisemitism

the belief that Jews have common repellant and/or ruinous qualities that set them apart from non Jews, didnt attack the Jewish religion but those of the Jewish race

Dreyfus Affair

Alfred Dreyfus was a captain in the French Army; came from a Jewish family, in 1894 was accused of spying for Germany, Jewish people were not considered to be loyal to the country that they lived in, because it was not their ‘homeland’, crowds shouted anti-Jewish slogans, press published antisemitic articles about him

Theodor Herzl

Jewish journalist from Austria, came to the conclusion that Jewish people will be treated as strangers in their countries of residence and need a country of their own again

“On the Jewish State”

written by Theodor Herzl in 1896 calling for the est. of a Jewish state in the historical homeland of the Jewish people (zionism)

Zionism

refers to the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the return of Jewish sovereignty to the Land of Israel

“Sick man of Europe”

different ethnic groups within the empire began to demand independence

1905 revolution- Bloody Sunday

22 January 1905, Fr. Gapon led a march to deliver the petition to the Tsar, Russian soldiers shot at the peaceful protestors and over 200 people killed, revolution failed in removing the tsar from power, but it served as a serious warning of what might happen in the future

Tsar Nicholas II

crowned Tsar of Russia in 1894, in 1917, during WWI, the Tsar was removed from power

russification

imposing Russian culture, led to resentment among ethnic minorities

pogroms

organized massacres supported by the government

Pale of Settlement

area in Russian Empire where Jews were permitted to live and work