sts mod 1 and 2

Period 1 (599 BCE)

No person could be described as the first scientist.

Stone tools

have long been the first recognized technology.

Gatherer

brings food picked up in various places back to a central location for consumption or storage.

Forager

eats the food on site.

Hand axe or biface

the basic tool of the ancestors of humans.

Horse

first carved animal.

Ceramics

are produced by heating natural earth until it changes form.

Simple machines

are devices that do nothing but change the direction, duration, or size of a force.

Single pulley

is the dullest simple machine, changing only direction.

During the Ice Age

mammoth bones were more available than trees in the frozen north of what is now Ukraine.

Megalith

structures made from very large stones.

Native gold

few metals can be found in nature as elements, not compounds.

Period 2

Philosophy, a precursor to science.

Jason and the Argonauts

thought to record the first Greek expedition into the Black Sea.

No known date

earliest history of humanity.

Eclipse of the sun

battle between the Medes and the Lydians.

Pythagoras

was among the early Greek philosophers.

Element

coined by Plato, but the idea existed before him.

Empedocles

believed that all matter was made up of four primary substances, or elements: earth, air, fire, and water.

Atom

the smallest, indivisible entity is one of the oldest ideas of science.

Democritus

the father of atomic theory.

Aristotle

he formed a love of philosophy and logic.

Plato

teacher of Aristotle.

Plato

tutor/teacher of Alexander the great.

Period 3 (530

1452) - Dark Ages.

Period 3

the fall of the Roman Empire.

Black Death

the 14th century caused massive population loss.

India

known in the field of mathematics.

Arabs

popular in health & medicine.

Period 4

Rebirth of knowledge.

Period 4

renewed interest in classical learning and significant advancements across various fields.

Patent law

was imposed to give credit to real inventors.

Period 5

Development of S & T continued; Start of using scientific method in giving reason for the existence of everything.

Isaac Newton

described the relationships between the forces acting on an object and its motion.

France

known for contributions in mathematics, physics, and chemistry.

Netherlands

prominent for advancements in microscopy and early work in biology.

England

a leading center for research in physics, mathematics, and engineering, with notable figures such as Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle.

Robert Boyle

one of the founders of modern chemistry.

Robert Boyle

he is best known for his work in the field of chemistry and his development of Boyle's Law.

Boyle's Law

states that the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Immanuel Kant

coined to reflect a change in the philosophical approach.

Empiricism

idea that knowledge comes from experience.

Rationalism

view that knowledge comes from reasoning.

Lavoisier

used careful measurement and thoughtful experiments to turn chemistry into a science.

Lavoisier

father of chemistry.

James Watt

invented the steam engine, which was the main source of power.

John Smeaton

first person to call himself a civil engineer.

Carolus Linnaeus

introduced the system of classification of living organisms.

John Dalton

all materials are formed from tiny particles (atoms); he was the father of atomic theory.

Period 7

Science became a profession leading to capitalism.

Hans Christian Orsted and Michael Faraday

revolutionized the understanding of electricity and magnetism.

Germany

became a leading center for scientific research and innovation.

Louis Pasteur

he developed the germ theory of disease, which posited that microorganisms were responsible for many diseases, and created vaccines.

Krakatoa

one of the most violent volcanic events in recorded history.

Charles Babbage

designed and partially built the first mechanical computers.

Difference Engine

designed to automate the process of calculating and printing mathematical tables.

Analytical Engine

store, mill, punch cards, printer.

Programming

it was designed to be programmable using punch cards, a concept Babbage borrowed from the Jacquard loom.

Ada Lovelace

wrote detailed notes on the Analytical Engine, including what is considered the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine.

Charles Darwin

theory of natural selection.

Gregor Mendel

heredity and genetic inheritance, known today as Mendelian genetics.

Thomas Edison

inventor of the phonograph.

Dmitri Mendeleev

created the first version of the periodic table of elements.

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone.

J.J. Thompson

discovered the electron.

Eugene Dubois

brought to Europe his Javanese fossils of what we now call Homo erectus.

Steel and concrete

two important materials for architecture and construction.

Alexander Fleming

uncovered the most powerful agent for killing bacteria in 1928, a mold of the strain Penicillium (penicillin).

Albert Einstein

introduced the theory of relativity, (understanding of space and time).

Quantum Mechanics

understanding atomic and subatomic processes.

Wright Brothers

invention of the airplane.

Wilhelm Roentgen

discovery of Xray.

Alfred Wegener

proposed the Continental Drift Theory.

Yuri Gagarin (Russian)

1st man in space, a cosmonaut.

Valentina Tereshkova

1st woman in space.

George Stibitz

first prominent experimenter to use binary numbers.

Manhattan Project

the operation (largest single enterprise in the history of science up to that time) during World War II.

ENIAC

the first working computers - ENIAC.

Big science

the way science was conducted changed. It became very expensive.

Chip

fingernail-sized sliver of silicon (serves as computer memory).

IBM

early computer that used both mechanical and electronic components.

James Watson and Francis Crick

discovery of DNA.

Interpreters

translate a program written in an easier programming language into machine language.

Michael Collins

orbited the Moon.

Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin

first human beings to stand on the Moon, part of the Apollo 11 mission.

Period 10

Computer age.

PCs

had become widespread by the end of the 1980s.

Modem

connected to local or national network through a device.

Internet

was developed during the 1970s. The development of fiber-optic hastened the rate of sending messages.

World Wide Web

developed mainly for commercial purposes.

Claude Shannon

father of the information age.

Intellectual revolution

transformed societies by opening the eyes and minds of the people.

Copernican Revolution

paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens.

Geocentric model

states that the Sun and the planets move around the Earth.

Heliocentric model

the Sun in the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus

influenced by the book Epitome in 1496 authored by a German, Johannes Mueller.

Nicolaus Copernicus

ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th century.

Geocentric model

replaced by the heliocentric model.

Darwinian revolution

origin of species.

Natural selection

produce more viable offspring than other individuals.