HOSA biotechnology review

Antibiotics

Antibiotics

Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms

Antibodies

Proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)

Adenine

Nitrogenous base. Pairs with thymine (DNA exclusive) or uracil (RNA exclusive).

Biochemistry

The study of chemical reactions occurring in living things

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Nation research center to improve public health

Clinical trials

A strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment

Cloning

Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms

Concentration

The amount of a substance as a proportion of another substance

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive system with mucus

Data

Information gathered by documentation

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A double stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins

Diabetes

A disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin

DNA fingerprinting

An experimental technique that is commonly used to identify individuals

DNA ligase

An enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule

E.coli

A rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics researched and by biotechnology companies for the development of products

Efficacy

The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The federal agency that enforces environmental laws

Ethics

The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct

Fermentation

A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

An organism produced by genetic engineering that contains DNA from another organism and produces new proteins encoded on the acquire DNA

Genetics

The study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed

Genome

One entire set if an organism's genetic material

Microbial agents

Synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without he aid of a microscope, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi

Human Genome Project

A collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes; completed in 2000

Insulin

A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood

Journals

Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions

Large-scale production

the manufacturing of large volumes of a product

Molecular Biology

the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules that carry out the biological processes essential for the cell's functions and maintenance.

Molar

One mole of a substance

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency

Negative Control

A control that does not have anything that would trigger a positive result in a test. Example : water is a ------ ----- in protein test.

Pharmaceutical

a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug.

Plasmid

A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail.

Positive Control

A control that is guarantee to trigger a positive result in a test. Example ; Glucose in a monosaccharide test.

Proteases

An enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides.

Pure Science

A field of science that seeks to understand how the universe works.

Reagent

a substance or mixture for use in chemical analysis or other reactions.

Recombinant DNA

This method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from different species or to create genes with new functions.

Recombinant DNA Technology

A process that involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest

Research and Development (R&D)

A branch of production that is focused on work directed toward the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes.

Restriction Enzyme

A protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end.

Therapeutic

A treatment, drug, or therapy

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)

A protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food.

Variable

What you are changing about an experiment when you test.

Virus

An infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone; instead, it must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of itself.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The source of energy on a cellular level

Amino Acids

The monomer that makes up proteins. There are 20

Anatomy

A field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things.

Carbohydrates

One of the 4 macromolecules that are important for human function. They are the bodies main source of energy.

Cell

The smallest unit of life.

Cell wall

Found in plants and bacteria, the ---- ---- serves as a secondary layer of protection.

Cellular respiration

A series of chemical reaction that breakdown glucose into ATP.

Cellulose

A sugar found in plants.

Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells

An epithelial cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins.

Cholorophyll

responsible for the green color of many plants. -------- allows for plants to produce energy from the sun in the process of photosynthesis.

Cholosplast

A membrane bound organelle found in plants that stores chlorophyll and is used for photosynthesis.

Chromosomes

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

CRISPR-cas9

technology used to genetically modify living organisms’ DNA. Currently being trialed to see if it can treat genetic diseases.

Cytology

A branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.

Cytoplasm

A material found within living cells, but not in the nucleus.

Cytosine

Nitrogenous base. Pairs with Guanine.

Cytoskeleton

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

Deoxyribose

A sugar that is found in DNA.

Disaccharide

A class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.

Enzyme

A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Eukaryotic/Eukaryote

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

Fluorometer

A device used to measure parameters of visible spectrum fluorescence

Fructose

A monosaccharide commonly found in fruit and honey. It also makes up sucrose.

Glucose

A monosaccharide

Guanine

Nitrogenous base. Pairs with Cytosine.

Hormone

A chemical messenger in the body. They also do other things like cause secondary sex characteristic to manifest (sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen), control body’s blood sugar (insulin and glucagon), etc.

Human epithelial (HeLa) cells

Taken from Henrietta Lack’s cervical cancer cells, HeLa cells are an immortal line of human cells that are used in processes like vaccine development.

Hydrophilic

Water enjoyer

Hydrophobic

Water hater

Lactose

Disaccharide sugar found in cow’s milk. Some people may not be able to digest this sugar, otherwise called lactose intolerance.

Lipids

Macromolecule. Long term energy storage, insulation, and controls what goes in and out of your cells.

Lysosome

cell death organelle

Lysis

A cell bursting open and dying. Cell death.

Macromolecule

Group of 4 polymers used to help the body function

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcribes DNA into RNA for protein synthesis

Mitochondria

...Powerhouse of the cell

Monomers

Building blocks of polymers

Monosaccharide

single saccharide sugar.

Multicellular

more than one cell.

Nitrogenous bases

Found in nucleotides. Three form a codon when transcribed to mRNA.

Nucleic acids

Macromolecule. Encodes genetic information.

Nucleotides

monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleus

center/brain of the cell. Stores DNA.

Organ

A bunch of specialized tissue that does a specific function

Organelles

organs of a cell

Organic

Carbon based compound

Organism

A living thing

Pancreas

Specific organ that produces insulin, glucagon, and more. Involved in the digestion process.

Phospholipids

Makes up cell membrane.

Photosynthesis

Plants turn sunlight into chemical energy with help from chlorophyll.

Physiology

is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. It is a subsector of biology.

Pigments

Give stuff their color.