Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms
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Antibodies
Proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)
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Adenine
Nitrogenous base. Pairs with thymine (DNA exclusive) or uracil (RNA exclusive).
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Biochemistry
The study of chemical reactions occurring in living things
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Nation research center to improve public health
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Clinical trials
A strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment
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Cloning
Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
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Concentration
The amount of a substance as a proportion of another substance
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Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive system with mucus
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Data
Information gathered by documentation
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins
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Diabetes
A disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin
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DNA fingerprinting
An experimental technique that is commonly used to identify individuals
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DNA ligase
An enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule
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E.coli
A rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics researched and by biotechnology companies for the development of products
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Efficacy
The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The federal agency that enforces environmental laws
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Ethics
The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct
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Fermentation
A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
An organism produced by genetic engineering that contains DNA from another organism and produces new proteins encoded on the acquire DNA
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Genetics
The study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed
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Genome
One entire set if an organism's genetic material
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Microbial agents
Synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without he aid of a microscope, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
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Human Genome Project
A collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes; completed in 2000
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Insulin
A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood
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Journals
Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions
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Large-scale production
the manufacturing of large volumes of a product
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Molecular Biology
the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules that carry out the biological processes essential for the cell's functions and maintenance.
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Molar
One mole of a substance
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National Institutes of Health (NIH)
is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency
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Negative Control
A control that does not have anything that would trigger a positive result in a test. Example : water is a ------ ----- in protein test.
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Pharmaceutical
a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug.
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Plasmid
A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail.
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Positive Control
A control that is guarantee to trigger a positive result in a test. Example ; Glucose in a monosaccharide test.
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Proteases
An enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides.
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Pure Science
A field of science that seeks to understand how the universe works.
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Reagent
a substance or mixture for use in chemical analysis or other reactions.
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Recombinant DNA
This method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from different species or to create genes with new functions.
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Recombinant DNA Technology
A process that involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest
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Research and Development (R&D)
A branch of production that is focused on work directed toward the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes.
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Restriction Enzyme
A protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end.
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Therapeutic
A treatment, drug, or therapy
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
A protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots.
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United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food.
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Variable
What you are changing about an experiment when you test.
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Virus
An infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone; instead, it must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of itself.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The source of energy on a cellular level
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Amino Acids
The monomer that makes up proteins. There are 20
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Anatomy
A field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things.
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Carbohydrates
One of the 4 macromolecules that are important for human function. They are the bodies main source of energy.
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Cell
The smallest unit of life.
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Cell wall
Found in plants and bacteria, the ---- ---- serves as a secondary layer of protection.
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Cellular respiration
A series of chemical reaction that breakdown glucose into ATP.
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Cellulose
A sugar found in plants.
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Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells
An epithelial cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins.
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Cholorophyll
responsible for the green color of many plants. -------- allows for plants to produce energy from the sun in the process of photosynthesis.
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Cholosplast
A membrane bound organelle found in plants that stores chlorophyll and is used for photosynthesis.
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Chromosomes
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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CRISPR-cas9
technology used to genetically modify living organisms’ DNA. Currently being trialed to see if it can treat genetic diseases.
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Cytology
A branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
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Cytoplasm
A material found within living cells, but not in the nucleus.
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Cytosine
Nitrogenous base. Pairs with Guanine.
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Cytoskeleton
A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
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Deoxyribose
A sugar that is found in DNA.
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Disaccharide
A class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
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Enzyme
A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
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Eukaryotic/Eukaryote
Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.
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Fluorometer
A device used to measure parameters of visible spectrum fluorescence
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Fructose
A monosaccharide commonly found in fruit and honey. It also makes up sucrose.
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Glucose
A monosaccharide
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Guanine
Nitrogenous base. Pairs with Cytosine.
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Hormone
A chemical messenger in the body. They also do other things like cause secondary sex characteristic to manifest (sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen), control body’s blood sugar (insulin and glucagon), etc.
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Human epithelial (HeLa) cells
Taken from Henrietta Lack’s cervical cancer cells, HeLa cells are an immortal line of human cells that are used in processes like vaccine development.
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Hydrophilic
Water enjoyer
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Hydrophobic
Water hater
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Lactose
Disaccharide sugar found in cow’s milk. Some people may not be able to digest this sugar, otherwise called lactose intolerance.
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Lipids
Macromolecule. Long term energy storage, insulation, and controls what goes in and out of your cells.
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Lysosome
cell death organelle
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Lysis
A cell bursting open and dying. Cell death.
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Macromolecule
Group of 4 polymers used to help the body function
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcribes DNA into RNA for protein synthesis
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Mitochondria
...Powerhouse of the cell
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Monomers
Building blocks of polymers
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Monosaccharide
single saccharide sugar.
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Multicellular
more than one cell.
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Nitrogenous bases
Found in nucleotides. Three form a codon when transcribed to mRNA.
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Nucleic acids
Macromolecule. Encodes genetic information.
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Nucleotides
monomer of nucleic acids
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Nucleus
center/brain of the cell. Stores DNA.
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Organ
A bunch of specialized tissue that does a specific function
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Organelles
organs of a cell
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Organic
Carbon based compound
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Organism
A living thing
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Pancreas
Specific organ that produces insulin, glucagon, and more. Involved in the digestion process.
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Phospholipids
Makes up cell membrane.
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Photosynthesis
Plants turn sunlight into chemical energy with help from chlorophyll.
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Physiology
is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. It is a subsector of biology.
Studied by 537 people
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