APEURO UNIT 2 Society in the 16th Century

House of Lords

The upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, consisting of appointed life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers, playing a significant role in legislative processes; reserved for landed citizens

House of Commons

The lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, composed of Members of Parliament elected by the public, which played a crucial role in the legislative process and holds government accountable; reserved for those without land, even if they were wealthy

patriarchy

a system in which all European countries in the 16th century existed; men have more rights, esteem, and opportunities as compared to women; existed mostly in the upper classes

The Woman Question

A debate about women's roles and rights in society, particularly regarding education, employment, and suffrage, highlighting the inequalities women faced during the 16th century.

one side argued that women were naturally inferior to men; the other side argued that the reason women appear less competent is due to a lack of opportunity

Carnival

A festive season occurring before Lent, characterized by public celebrations, parades, and parties, where participants engage in revelry, often involving costumes and masks.

charivari

A traditional French custom involving noisy celebrations or mockery, typically used to publicly humiliate someone, often involving a variety of sounds, such as clanging pots and pans.

blood sports

Events involving animals fighting each other or against humans, often celebrated for their entertainment value during the 16th century.

All Saints Day

A Christian festival celebrated on November 1st, honoring all saints, known and unknown, with prayers and remembrance.

Witchcraft Trials

Historical persecutions of individuals accused of witchcraft, often leading to severe punishments or executions, particularly prevalent in the 16th and 17th centuries; Protestants and Catholics both agreed that witchcraft was evidence of a pact with the devil, and therefore needed to be extinguished

Jean Bodin

was a French philosopher and jurist known for his theories on sovereignty and the state, advocating for a strong centralized government as a remedy for social instability.

Heinrich Kramer

was a German churchman and inquisitor, co-author of the Malleus Maleficarum, which argued for the prosecution of witches and promoted the witch trials in the late 15th century.

Malleus Maleficarum

a seminal treatise on witch-hunting published in 1487, which provided the legal framework for the persecution of witches in Europe.

Anton Fugger

was a prominent German banker and a key figure in the economic landscape of 16th-century Europe, known for his influence in financing trade and supporting the Habsburg monarchy.

Paula de Eguiluz

A healer of African descent in 16th-century Puerto Rico, known for her involvement in midwifery and healing practices. She was accused of witchcraft and became a notable figure in the witch trial narratives.

Lying-In-Nurse

a caregiver or midwife who assists women during childbirth, often providing support and care in the home during the postpartum period; a common target for the accusation of witchcraft

Faust

A legendary figure who makes a pact with the devil for knowledge and power, often depicted as a scholar or magician.

Michel de Montaigne

A French Renaissance philosopher known for popularizing the essay as a literary form, exploring humanism and self-reflection; spoke against the witchcraft trails