Unification of Italy

Which kingdom was the strongest italian stage and was led by house of savoy

Kingdom of Sardinia - Piedmont

Which kingdom was long held under austrian control and french during Napoleon

Kingdom of Lombardy - Venetia

Which kingdoms were weak and tied with the austrians

central duchies - parma, modena, tuscany

which state got support from catholic states (france, austria, spain)

the papal states led by pope

which kingdom was led y the bourbon dynasty, and later became united with Sicily

Kingdom of Naples

what was the biggest weakness of the kingdoms

1. they were never united for the better of power

2. there was foregin leadership and influence from Austria, leading to internal divisions and lack of cohesion.

what did Napoleon I do for italian kingdom

1. new rights of Napoleonic code

2. Civilian laws

3. reformed and reduced power from wealthy/church

4. conscripted 60k italians

Who only felt italian nationalism and what was italian nationalism

only felt by intellectuals because most were peasants aiming to survive.
it was something for all italians to live together and be ruled by an italian

what congress is set up by Metternich and removes Napleon

Congress of Vienna in 1815 Austria

what did the congress of vienna do in italy

remove NAP I’s reforms and it became repressive and conservative

which political class wanted moderate reforms, constituional monarchies and basic rights mainly upper/middle class

liberals

which political class was going to use violence and extermity to get social equality

radicals

what group stands up against the church, kings and those not revolutionary

carbonari

which revolution did Bourbon King Ferdinand I limit reforms, power of church and nagered middle class

The 1820 revolution in Naples.

which revolution included a challenging of ferdinand and call for independence by chasing government from Sicily

revolution in sicily 1820

which congress brought Holy Alliance to shut down revolutions

congress of Troppau 1820

which revolution comes from revolutionary basic people which the army refuses to put down

revolution of piedmont 1820-1821

what is a result of revolution of piedmont

king abdicates and victor emmanuel’s younger brother (charles felix) calls for Austria to send in troops

why did all the revolutions pre 1830 fail

italy was divide and none of the states had enough power to support the revolutions

why does the july revolution in france 1830 start

Charles X brings in constrictive refroms and aims to bring back ancien regime causign the people to rise against him

why did the italians revoltuions in modena, parma, and papal states (1821-1832) fail

1. not fighting together and without a leader

2. austria was far too strong for the small states

3. unlike French Revs coming from their big working class, Italy has no big working class only peasants and revolutions didnt appeal to them

Mazzini

father of nationalism, brought ideas of power from the bottom, but he was far to intellectual for the italians at the time and failed to recongize the peasants

which revolutions starts Feb 21 1848 lasting 3 days from the working class corners of paris

february revolution of 1848

which revolution causes Louis philippe to abdicate

february revolution 1848

which French event was when working class came in to assmebly to not make a constituion bring back old assembly

june days 1848

which European event had studens. andworkers rise in insurrection

austrian march days 1848

why do italians uprise against austrian rule leading to war of Italian independence

march days 1848

what was the first italian revolution of 1848 and why

revolt in sicily - wanting independence from naples and caused national disunity and naples attacked sicilay

which states were granted a constituion in 1848 and why

tuscany, piedmont and papal states because austria had fallen

what happens to austrian army in north of italy during revolutions

they flee, leaving the austrian dominated regions for italy

what is the first was of italian independence

piedmont king charles declares war on austria

what happened in piedmont 1849 (battle of novara)

austrian forces fight back wanting them to withdraw from lombardy

why does the first war of italian independence fail

the austrian come back because every state is far too small to fight their revolutions.

when did Napoleon III deletes 2nd french republic to make empire

1851-1852

what did Tsar Nicholas I do by claiming to defend Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia from Ottomans

crimean was in 1854-1856

why was france and britian not happy with Russia wanting control over Black Sea and straits

1. did not want to upset balkans

2. they lead in the meditteranean

why does piedmont ally with western powers

to gain leverage internationally

what does the crimean war result in

1. disallied Austria and Russia

2. Russia weakness

3. british weakness

when does tsar Nicholas II call to end Crimean and they hold congress where piedmont is invited

congress of paris 1856

what does NAP III do in 1849 to italy

sends in french troops to destroy Mazzini’s roman republic

what does Camille di Cavour want

rise and growth of power from strong piedmont

what does Giuseppe Garibaldi do

was a Mazzini follower since 1831, leaves and messy history between his return to italy in late 1850’s

why is garibaldi called by national society

to unite italy under Cavour and Victor Emmanueal II

what arrangement calls for the giving of Nice and Savoy in return for Lombardy and Venetia to the french

plombieres 1858

why did Cavour need the plombieres

for NAP III to help kick out austrian troops in Lombardy and Venetia

what do the austrians consider a declaration of war against them

war of 1859 victor emmanuel II’s speech about italian independence

does the plombieres truly work out in 1859

no, cavour mobilizes piedmont army leading austrains to mobilize in lombardy.

what happens to the land division at Villafranca 1859

NAP III ends war, austrians keep venetia, austria gives lombardy to france and france gives it piedmont

why does cavour quit

because he thought they needed the french in 1859 to fight VEII comes in disagreement that they are way too weak

when does cavour come back

parma, modena, tuscany join piedmont

what does Cavour do to win back NAP III, and results in what consequence

give them nice and savoy, garibaldi raises his guerilla fighters to invade Nice to fight off france because he wants NIce

what revolution does garibaldi join

revolution of two sicilies

why did garibaldi think unifcation should start in south italy

because north italy’s diplomacy

why did the army flee in sicily

due to garibaldi’s rise in peasants and the thousand

what does Cavour’s call for the straits of Messina do

blocks garibaldi attacking Naples

after garibaldi dictates Sicily and naples what does he want

rome and papal states

why does cavour aim to get rome before garibaldi

because garibaldi’s taking of Rome will bring back French undoing Cavour’s work

what does cavour do after getting rome

cut of garibaldi in papal states through the north

what was cavour big fear for rome

it becoming the new capital of republican southern, which would directly seperate north and south italy

how many mazzinian’s did garibalid have and what did they want

60k and republic

why does garibaldi surrender and gives up sicily and naples

he violates mazzinis, losing his support and now follows VEII

who brought Cavour and Garibaldi togehter

victor emmanuel II

where did plebiscites overwhlemingly vote for union with piedmont

sicily, naples, umbria and papal marshes

what does Italia irredenta mean

unredeemed italy to unite italians under one rule no austria or france

what does garibaldi plan after his retirement to Caprera and what does piedmontese army do

recapturing of Rome, they planned to march thru rome to intercept garibaldi in north naples but denied by french

when did garibaldi get shot and put on house arrest

march to rome

what happened for Kingdom of Italy in 1865

capital moved from Turin to Florence to make it central w

what was the final outcome of garibaldi’s attempt to unite italy

french stayed in rome and map of italy was united by people not as much