Isms and Revolution Key Terms Pt 2

Reforms of Alexander II

issue his emancipation edict that allowed peasants to own property (limited to only bad land, since landowners chose to keep the good land), marry freely, & bring suits in the law courts (not entirely free due to long-term payments for compensation)

zemstvos: local assemblies that created a self-government, albeit with very limited power.

British Reforms of the Victorian Era

Wages for the working classes increased 25%+ between 1850-70

Increasing national pride through Queen Victoria that started the Victorian Age (albeit politically unstable-- Lord Palmerston).

Benjamin Disraeli: Reform Act of 1867- democratization of Britain: lowering monetary requirement for voting, increasing voters & part disciplines.

William Gladstone: legislation & gov orders opened civil service positions to exams instead of patronage, secret ballot, & abolished the buying of milit commissions. Education of Act of 1870: elementary schools available for all children.

Social Democrats

pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.

Minorities in Austria-Hungary

Ethnic Germans ruled Austria but Czechs, Poles and Slavic threatened that. Edward Taaffe tried giving them more Parliament positions and allowed Slavic lang in edu and in bureaucracy which was a big no-no for Germans. It was a nationalities problem. Hungarians tried to solve problem by systematic Magyarization. Magyar land to be imposed in all schools and only lang used by gov and military.

Alexander III's Russia

Alexander III was the son and successor of Alexander II. Unlike his father, he turned against the reforms and returned to traditional methods of repression and law. He eliminated any possibility of liberal and democratic reforms, and powers of zemstvos were curtailed. He also pursued a radical Russification program of the numerous nationalities within Russia.

growth of democracy in Britain

Redistribution Act further democratized house of commons; Reform acts under William Gladstone gave taxpaying men the right to vote and expanded suffrage

growth of democracy in france

Improvised constitution established Republican government with a prime minister, President, Chamber of Deputies, and Senate

Irish-English Relations

Irish Catholics began to demand independence due to a disdain for British landlords; Charles Parnell - leader of the Irish representatives in Parliament; called for home rule: self-government by having a separate Parliament but not complete independence; "Irish Question" remains unresovled

Bismarck's Germany

Bismarck worked to prevent the growth of more democratic institutions. At first, he worked with the liberals to create common codes of criminal and commercial law, and also to oppose the Catholic Church, but he later shifted his focus to working against Social Democrats and socialism. Also created a social security system and better pensions.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

Causes of New Imperialism

Economic-need for natural resources, new markets, and emigration opportunities; Political/Military-rivalries and competition, bases for fuel, and defense of trade and colonies; Humanitarian-spread the Gospel, improve medical care, increase education.

National Rivalries and Strategic Concerns

Great Brit expands to keep off French, Germans, Russians in land and colonies equal international prestige and great power.

social darwinism and racism

applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition and the unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Caused by Austro-Prussian war and defeat; AKA Ausgleich of 1867; single-monarch = Francis Joseph (Austria emperor and Hungarian king); both have their own constitution, govt bureaucracy, capital, etc.