-isms again

Malopropism

An inappropriateness of speech resulting from the
use of one word for another that resembles it is
known as a(n)

Malaphorism

A familiar saying that is given enough of a twist to
become humorous or satirical, as in "You cannot
drown in the same river twice," is called a(n)

Spoonerism

The accidental interchange of sounds, usually the
initial consonants, in two or more words is called a..

Wellerism

The eponymic term for an expression, often invol-
ving a pun, that gives a literal sense to a figurative statement, such as "'Simply remarkable,' said the teacher when asked her opinion about the new dry-erase board," is

Neologism

New word introduced into a language, especially for enhancing style. Some have become a little cliche or overdone (like adding -gate to any word to refer to some scandal as in in Watergate)

Provincialism

A word, phrase, or manner of expression, whether it is language, customs, dress, or any other characteristic, peculiar to a special region and not commonly used outside that region-therefore, not fashionable or sophisticated, is known as a

Regionalism

Writing having to do with any scattering of a
population from a homeland to one or more
alien environments is known as

Colloquialism

An expression used during informal everyday conversation but not accepted universally in formal speech or writing is known as a(n)

Archaism

Some of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's diction choices (stoppeth, eftsoons, and spake, for example) in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" reflect a purposeful use of

Barbarism

A mistake in terms of a badly formed word that results from the violation on an accepted rule of linguistic morphology, such as goodest for best, hern for hers, and clomb for climbed, is called a

Solecism

A violation of prescriptive grammatical rules. "He don't" and "between you and I" are examples of this. Loosely, any error in diction, grammar, or propriety is called this. Some, however, reserve this term for errors in grammar and idiom alone, distinguished from catachresis. Some practices classified as wrong today have not always been so, practices now regarded as wrong (the use of 'loan' as a verb e.g.) may gain in acceptance. Some writers use this on purpose to great effect: Gerard Manley Hopkins' "What I do is me" and "My taste was me."

Syllogism

The logical form of the speaker's thoughts as expressed in the words may (line 4), must, (7), may (12) and, conclusively, so (13) suggests a(n)

Anachronism

The assignment of something to a time when it was/is not in existence is (a/n)

Euphemism

A device in which indirectness replaces directness of statement, usually in an effort to avoid offensiveness.

Dysphemism

The opposite of a euphemism, if one starts with a more or less neutral word (croak for death)

Sigmatism

The repetition of the 's' /sibilant sound

Animism

The literary trope that can be used to heighten effect, including humorous effect, through exagger-
ation is

Byronism

The type, often literary, that as a model of the mysteriously brooding, bitter, vaguely northern loner, sexually polymorphous, reckless, doomed, and always dangerous, is known as

Dandyism

A literary style used by the English and French Decadent writers of the last quarter of the 19th century. The term is derived from dandy: one who gives exaggeratedly fastidious attention to dress and appearance. Marked by excessively refined emotion and preciosity of language. One or another species of it has been associated with the life or work of Byron, Poe, Wilde.

Gongorism

A highly affected style taking its name from the spanish poet gongora y argote 1561-1627 whose writings exhibiteds stylistic extravagances such as neologism, innovations in grammar, bombast, puns, paradoxes, conceits, and obscurity. It has some qualities of euphemism.

Pindarism

The rhetorical style, often in verse, characterized by what the Greeks called "a sort of madness" and what the nineteenth-century poet Matthew Arnold called "a sort of intoxication of style" is

Aestheticism

The nineteenth-century literary movement that
rests on the credo of "art for art's sake" and whose
roots reach back to Théophile Gautier's preface to
the historical romance Mademoiselle de Maupin
(1855), which claims that art has no utility or use-
fulness, is

Naturalism

The term that embodies the application of principles of scientific (either biological or socioeconomic) determinism in literature, which, in turn, characterizes a literary movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is

Chivalry

The system of manners and morals, which as a product of medieval feudalism, characterizes, in a highly idealized form, medieval romance is

Enlightment

An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that
gave shape to the American Revolution and the two basic documents of the United States, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, is the

Surrealism

The movement in literary, graphic, and cinematic art emphasizing the expression of the imagination as realized in dreams and presented without conscious control is

Transcendentalism

The philosophical movement, characterized by
both idealism and romanticism, originating in Eu-
rope and reaching the United States during the nineteenth century and featuring a reliance on both intuition and the conscience in artistic thought, is

Magic Realism

The international tendency in the graphic and literary arts, especially painting and prose fiction, in which the frame or surface of the work may be conventional, but contrasting elements—such as the supernatural, myth, dream, fantasy—invade and change the whole basis of the art is known as

Chartism

First movement both working class in character and national in scope that grew out of the protest against the injustices of the new industrial and political order in Britain. While composed of the working class, it also mobilized around populism as well as clan identity in the UK from 1838-1857

Classicism

The body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, and art, is

Dadaism

Movement in Europe during and just after the World War I that ignored logical relationships between idea and statement, argued for absolute freedom, and delivered itself of numerous provocative manifestoes. It was founded in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916 by Tristan Tzara with the ostensibly destructive purpose of demolishing art and philosophy, intending to replace them with conscious madness as a protest against the insanity of war.

Ecocriticism

An emergent interdisciplinary field that approaches literature from viewpoints related, implicitly or explicitly, to environmental responsibility and whose interests and themes are found in the literary works of, among many others, Daniel Defoe, John Ruskin, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Edward Abbey, and Leslie Marmon Silko, is

Existentialism

A group of attitudes (current in philosophical, religious, and artistic thought during and after WWII) that emphasizes existence rather than essence and sees the inadequacy of human reason to explain the enigma of the universe as the basic philosophical question. The term is so broadly and loosely used that an exact definition is not possible.

Historicism

Set of concepts about works of literature and their relationships to the social and cultural contexts in which they were produced. Although historical criticism and scholarly pursuits such as literary history are frequently elements in it, the primary concern of this term is methodological and systematic. It strives to establish relationships among the historical context in which the work was produced, the work as imaginative, its reception, and significance.

Expressionism

The movement affecting painting and literature, including drama, that attempts to objectify inner experience and through which external objects are understood as transmitters of internal impressions and moods is

Humanism

Specifically, the attitude that suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively, in particular those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, is known as

Impressionism

The term borrowed from painting and applied to the highly personal manner of writing in which an author presents materials as they appear to an individual temperament at a precise moment and from a particular vantage point rather than as they are presumed to be in actuality is known as

Pre-Raphaelitism

The movement begun in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Holman-Hunt, John Everett Millais, and others and whose major literary contributions include the poems of Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Morris is called

Puritanism

The movement that developed in England during the middle of the sixteenth century and later spread it's influence into the New England colonies where it's objections to certain forms of the State Religion developed into what seemed to be a movement against freedom of speech, art, and individualism is

Victorianism

A term used, often narrowly, to suggest a certain com-
placency, hypocrisy, or squeamishness assumed to
characterize the attitudes of the last half of the nine-
teenth century in Britain, all of which are apparent in
the cautious manner with which writers treat such
matters as profanity and sex, is

Avante-Garde

A military metaphor drawn from the French "vanguard" and applied to new writing that shows striking innovations in style, form, and subject matter.

Criticism

The analysis, study, and evaluation of individual works of art, as well as the formulation of general principles for the examination of such works, is

Marxist Criticism

Literary criticism that is based on the philosophical
theory that argues that value is based on labor, that
class struggle forms the basic pattern in history, and
that political and economic power will inevitably
be seized by the proletariat is

New Criticism

In a strict sense, the literary analysis practiced by John Crowe Ransom, Allan Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks that concentrates on the work of art as an object in itself is known as

Freudian Criticism

The critical approach based on psychological
speculations and discoveries that argues the influence of the unconscious and that has offered a new light on character relationships in literary works is

Platonism

Not in the book: A type of criticism that finds the values of a work of art in its extrinsic rather than its intrinsic qualities--in its usefulness for ulterior nonartistic purposes. The term is used in opposition to Aristelian Criticism

Genre Criticism

The type of criticism dedicated both to defining the types or categories into which literary works and cinematic films are grouped according to, among other things, form and subject matter, and to tracing the works' (or films') histories and interactions is

Primitivism

Doctrine that supposedly primitive peoples--bc they had remained closer to nature and had been less subject to the influences of society--were nobler than civilized peoples.

Cultural Primitivism

The belief that nature (in the sense of what exists undisturbed by human artifice) is preferable and fundamentally better than any aspect of human culture is

Cynicism

Doubt of the generally accepted standards or of the innate goodness of human action. In literature, the term characterizes writers of movements distinguished by dissatisfaction. Any highly individualistic writer scornful of accepted social standards and ideals can be called cynical

Meliorism

A name applied to the belief-widely held in Western Europe during the nineteenth century-that society has an innate tendency toward improvement and that this tendency can be furthered by conscious human effort is

Determinism

The belief, including especially the concept of fate in classical literature (and later in Calvinistic teachings and Marxist writing), that all ostensible acts of the will are actually the result of causes that direct them is known as

Egoism

Not in the book, but the habit of valuing everything only in reference to one's personal interest, opposite of altruism

Altruism

Not in the book, but the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well being of others

Utilitarianism

Not in the book, but the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

Epicureanism

The philosophy that, while deviating from the philosophy of its namesake whose teachings reflect the art of making life happy, argues pleasure to be the highest goal and pain and emotional disturbance the greatest evil is

Fatalism

Not in the book, but the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable.

Hedonism

Doctrine that pleasure is the chief good of human beings. It takes two forms, in one, chief good is held to be the gratification of the sensual instincts. In the other, following Epicurus, the absence of pain rather than the gratification of pleasurable impulses is held to be the source of happiness. Today, it is generally associated with sensual gratification.

Hellenism

Not in the book, but primarily centered around polytheistic and animistic worship. Devotees worship Greek gods, which are the Olympians, divinites, and spirits of nature (such as nymphs), underworld deities (chthonic gods), and heroes.

Minimalism

The modern movement in politics, economics, and literature, the most apparent characteristics being brevity, economy, and modesty, is

Pantheism

Not in the book, but doctrine which identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God

Nihilism

Not in the book, but the rejection of all religious and moral principles, in the belief that life is meaningless.

Parallelism

Such an arrangement that one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased. The principle of this dictates that coordinate ideas should have coordinate presentation. e.g. within a sentence, where several elements of equal importance are to be expressed, if one element is cast in a relative clause, the others should be expressed in relative clauses. Conversely, the principle of this demands that unequal elements should NOT be.

Pessimism

Not in the book, but a belief that this world is as bad as it could be or that evil will ultimately prevail.

Philistinism

The philosophical movement originating in Europe and reaching the United States during the nineteenth century that features a reliance on both intuition and the conscience in artistic thought is

Noble Savage

The idea that primitive human beings are naturally good and whatever evil they develop is the product of the corrupting action of civilization is represented by the term..

Pragmatism

Doctrine that determines value through the test of consequences or utility. Believers in this will insist that no questions are significant unless the results of answering them in one way rather than another have practical consequences.

Stoicism

The philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century BCE that exalts endurance and self-sufficiency and that, in Hemingway's words, can be recognized as "grace under pressure" is

Feudalism

The system of social and political organization
that prevailed in Western Europe during much of the medieval period is..

Syllabism

Paul Fussell's term for a "theory of the poetic line which takes the number of syllables in the line to be its primary structural basis." Espoused in various forms by such conservative writers as Edward Bysshe, Henry Pemberton, and Samuel Johnson, this saw poetry as governed by strict rules that determined the number of syllables, pattern of accents, and placement of caesura.