NUCM 1100 Midterm&Final Exam Reviews

ALL past quizzes together

Who discovered radium?

Marie Curie

Who discovered radioactivity?

Henri Bequerel

This modality uses no radiation.

MRI

This modality uses wave frequencies.

Sonography

Radiation Therapy normally last how many weeks to be curative?

6 weeks

The number one killing cancer is:

lung

The number one cancer killer of women is:

breast

Leukemia is a type of cancer seen in what age group?

Pediatric

Prostate cancer is treated in brachetherapy with what agent?

Gold

MRI primarily uses:

magnetic fields

MRI is better for:

soft tissue

MRI uses:

nonionizing radiation

MRI is based on the fact:

that the body is made of water

Which of the following are types of weighted MRI?

T1, T2, PD

Which of the following can be a contraindication for a MRI?

Pacemaker, Artificial heart valve, and Neurotransmitter

CT uses what to obtain images?

x-ray energy

The bore of a CT machine is:

72"

Xray is:

2D

X ray uses:

Anodes and Cathodes

CT can be reconstructed to provide:

3D Images

Cardiovascular/Interventional Radiology injects contrast to

look for stenosis and put in stents

Mammography uses:

low dose x-ray

A great advancement in mammography is:

digital imaging

Breast cancer primarily spreads to:

Bone

Nuclear medicine can treat which of the following?

hyperthyroidism

What emission is used for therapy when using Radium 223?

Alpha

Nuclear medicine can treat which of the following?

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Thyroid Cancer, and Liver Cancer

A nuclear medicine camera is often referred to as a:

gamma camera

What does PET stand for?

Positron emission tomography

The majority of PET radiopharmaceuticals are produced by a:

Cyclotron

Nuclear Medicine studies differ from radiology as the emphasis is on:

physiology

Most Nuclear Medicine procedures involve the administration of which of the following?

radiopharmaceutical

Radiation can be used to treat pain.

TRUE. This is Palliative

Melanoma is the most prevalent cancer.

TRUE

MRI is ideal for brain and spine.

TRUE

MRI uses coils to obtain images.

TRUE

Nuclear medicine therapy uses gamma radiation.

FALSE

Palliative therapy is used to treat pain

TRUE

This modality uses an xray tube that circles the patient.

CT

When admitting a patient to the diagnostic imaging department, what should be done? (Circle all that apply)

1) Take the patient to the dressing area and explain in some detail how he or she should dress for the procedure.

2) Give the patient directions concerning how to care for valuables brought to the department.

3) Assist any patient who appears to need assistance with preparation for an examination.

The most effective means of reducing friction when moving a patient is by:

Asking the patient to cooperate

When transporting a patient back to the hospital room, some safety measures to be used are: (Circle all that apply)

1) Place the side rails up, the bed in "low" position, and the call bell at hand

2) Inform the nurse in charge of the patient that the patient has been returned to the room

3) Give the patient something to eat or drink

4) Be sure that the TV is in place for the patient's viewing

Which procedures must be observed when assisting a patient with a bedpan? (Circle all that apply)

1) Respect the patient's privacy

2) Seek assistance for an immobile patient

3) Wear clean gloves to remove the bedpan

4) Make sure to offer tissue to the patient and a towel to clean his or her hands

Contributing factors to skin breakdown are: (Circle all that apply)

Friction and Pressure

A wet environment

If a patient who has a cast in place complains of pain that is sudden in onset and increases in intensity when the affected limb is moved, what should be done? (Circle all that apply)

Elevate the affected limb

Notify the physician immediately

When caring for a patient who has a new cast applied to an extremity, what must be remembered? (Circle all that apply)

Observe for signs of impaired circulation

Support the cast with bolsters and sandbags where needed

When caring for a patient who is disabled and is difficult to move, it is best to:

Obtain as much help as necessary to avoid injury to the patient and to the radiographer

Patients most prone to falls are: (Circle all that apply)

1) The frail elderly

2) The person who is confused

3) Persons who have been given a psychoactive drug

4) Persons with sensory deficits

When moving a patient into an unnatural position for a radiographic examination, the patient should maintain that position:

Only for the time it takes to make the exposure

Supine position

Patient lying flat on back

Fowler position

Semi-sitting position with head raised 45-60 degrees

Semi-Fowler position

Patient on back with head raised 15 - 30 degrees

Trendelenburg position

Patient on back with head lower than extremities

Sims position

Patient on side with forward arm flexed and top knee flexed

The leading cause of work-related injuries in the field of health-care is:

Abuse of the spine when moving and lifting patients

Stages of Grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

ALARA

-As Low As Reasonably Achievable

-Time, Distance, and Shielding

-Aprons less than 0.25mm lead = less than 97% of absorption

0.5mm = 99% absorption

Method of Moving Patients

-Sheet transfer

-Sliding board

-Log roll

-Wheelchair

-Ambulatory (walk by self)

Immobilizers

-Limb holders at four points

-Ankle and wrist restraints

-Waist

Rules for Picking UP Objects

-Bend at the knees, not at waist

-PULL object, not push

-Keep body aligned, not twisted

-Keep object close, not out of reach

Ethical Principles

-Autonomy

-Beneficence

-Confidentiality

-Fidelity

-Nonmaleficence

-Veracity

-Justice

Respect for property

Ethics in Imaging

-Professional

-Reliable

-Be a team player

-Treat patients with dignity

Law of Imaging

Do NOT identify anything in images to patients. Let the radiologist provide accurate representation of images.

SNMMI

Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Medical Chart

-Patient ID

-Medical History

-Images

-Vital signs

-Use to correctly verify patient

Early uses of xray

-Entertainment

-Shoe fitting

-Hair removal

-Medical

-Souvenirs

Fluoroscopy

-Thomas Edison

1896

-Vitascope

Marie Curie

-Discovered radium in 1898

-Termed radioactivity

Karl Dussik

-First sonography for medical use in 1942

SPECT

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Early effects of digital xray

-Burns

Infections

Cancer

-Amputations

1st KNOWN Death

Clarence Dally

-Fatality of radiation exposure

Effects of Radiation

-Acute Radiation Syndromes

-Genetic, damage to offspring

-Somatic, damage to person receiving radiation

PET

PET combines the qualities of radionuclide imaging with CT to study blood flow, volume and protein metabolism

Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear Medicine Imaging detects or rules out malignant lesions or to produce images that are not visible as standards radiographs

MRI

MRI is a noninvasive procedure used for diagnosing neoplasms as well as vascular, soft tissue, bone and joint, and central nervous system pathological conditions

Sonography

Ultrasound is a method of visualizing the soft tissue structures of the body for diagnosis of disease without the use of radiation or contrast media

CT

CT is a diagnostic imaging procedure that can be used to scan body tissues and organs combining x-ray and computer technology. CT produces multiple cross-sectional images of body organs

Cardiac/Vascular

-study of major blood vessels

-focuses on abdominal area

Radiation Therapy

This form of treatment is used to cure the disease, to control malignant tumors that cannot be removed, to prevent spread of the tumor to the brain, spinal cord, and to decrease pain when the cancer metastasizes

Proton Therapy

Treatment for cancer patients

Mammography

An imaging modality with low dose radiation that is performed on a routine basis for prevention of early diagnosis of breast cancer

Arthrography

Arthrography is the diagnostic examination of a joint

Lithotripsy

Extracorporeal lithotripsy is a method of removing gallstones, renal calculi, and salivary stones

Myelography

An examination of the spinal cord in which a contrast agent, and on some occasions, air is injected into the subarachnoid or epidural spaces of the spinal cord

Bone Densitometry (DXA)

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan is a quick, accurate, and painless bone density test to measure bone density with low dose x-ray

-Diagnose osteoporosis

Pulse Locations

Apical, Radial, Carotid, Femoral, Popliteal, Temporal, Dorsalis pedis, Postier tibial, and Brachial

Another term for fever

Pyrexia

What are Vital Signs

-Body temperature

-Pulse

-BP

-Respiration

Avg. Pulse Rates

-Infant: 120 bpm

-Child: 90 to 100 bpm

-Adult: 60 to 90 bpm

Tachycardia

rapid heart rate

Brachycardia

low heart rate

Dyspnea

Patient using more than normal effort to breathe

Hypoxemia

Level of oxygen isn't enough

If the radiographer is required to administer a drug with which he is not familiar, he must seek information before administering the drug. She would seek such information in which of the following reference books?

The Physician's Desk Reference

Drugs given by mouth are generally given in larger doses. This is because:

Larger doses ensure that some of the drug will remain to perform the intended effect.

Factors that may influence the effect of a drug are:

-Age

-Weight

-Sex(gender)

-Time of Day

-Medication History

-Patient's Temperament

When a multidose vial is taken for an injection and a sediment is noticed inside the vial, what should be done?

Throw the vial away

How should a used ampule be disposed of?

Put it in the sharps container

All drugs given by parenteral routes are given by using:

Medical aseptic technique