History Chapter 21

What permitted the Janissaries to gain a position of prominence in the Ottoman Empire?
Select one:
a. Their control of artillery and firearms gave them prominence over the aristocratic Turkish cavalry.
b. As members of the royal family, they had access to the sultans.
c. Their control of the bureaucracy made them indispensable to the operation of the empire.
d. Islamic law defined their authority as written in the Quran and the Sunna.
e. They rapidly gained control of the mosques of the Ottoman Empire and were able to define religious orthodoxy.

a

Why was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 so important?
Select one:
a. The Safavids were dealt a devastating defeat that checked the westward advance of Shi'ism and decimated the ranks of the Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid empire.
b. The defeat of the Safavids by a Western army reduced the Islamic empire to economic dependency on the West and military inferiority to the other Muslim empires.
c. The battle established the military supremacy of the Safavids over the Ottomans and marked the end to eastern expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
d. The combined armies of the Safavids and Ottomans defeated the Mughal armies and ended the policy of expansion undertaken by the Mughal emperors of India.
e. It signaled the beginning of Islamic regional dominance, which would lead to the beginning of secular type governments in the Middle East.

a

How did the Savafid economy compare to that of the Ottomans?
Select one:
a. The Safavid economy, because of the geographical location of the empire, was oriented exclusively toward the East and had no contact with Western merchants.
b. Only the Ottoman sultans actively sought to encourage handicraft production and trade in their empire.
c. The Ottoman empire benefited in the short run from non-Muslim traders (Christians and Jews) who had extensive contacts with overseas empires that the Safavid empire lacked.
d. The Safavid empire made a more concerted and successful attempt to enlarge their market economy, particularly by attracting merchants from the West.
e. The Safavids traded mainly in the Indian Ocean basin, and the Ottomans traded in the western Mediterranean.

c

Which of the following was NOT a cause for the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Select one:
a. Local officials began to retain increasing amounts of revenue for their own purposes.
b. The addition of European military technology such as light artillery made the Janissaries so powerful that they could challenge the authority of the sultan.
c. Western Europe grew more powerful and challenged their existence.
d. The ability of individual sultans to rule declined.
e. Oppressive demands of local officials caused the peasantry to abandon their holdings and flee.

b

The Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire in
Select one:
a. 1337.
b. 1519.
c. 1453.
d. 1245.
e. 1683.

c

What was the critical feature of Akbar's new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi?
Select one:
a. Like the Safavids to whom early members of the Mughal dynasty fled in exile, Akbar adopted militant Shi'ism.
b. It sought to purify the Islamic faith and remove Hindu influences by adopting many of the Sufi teachings already extant in India.
c. It was very similar to Zoroastrianism but included elements of Christianity and Judaism.
d. Although it retained the formal appearance of Islam, the popular aspects of the new religion were almost entirely Buddhist.
e. It attempted to blend elements of the many faiths with which he was familiar as a means of reconciling Hindus and Muslims.

e

What was the state of the Mughal empire following Aurangzeb's death in 1707?
Select one:
a. The empire was far larger than earlier, but control and state revenues passed increasingly to regional lords who gave little more than tribute payments to the emperors.
b. The empire managed to arrange treaties with western powers, which in the long run provided enough resources for the empire to grow.
c. The empire collapsed in the face of a Safavid invasion from the Indus River valley.
d. The Mughal empire had shrunken so much during Aurangzeb's reign that the dynasty controlled only Bengal.
e. The empire included more territory than ever before and there was greater religious homogeneity than earlier in the reign.

a

The Safavid empire reached its greatest extent under Shah
Select one:
a. Isma'il.
b. Abbas the Great.
c. Suleyman the Great.
d. Reza Pahlavi.
e. Tahmasp I.

b

Which of the following groups represented such extreme conservatism within the Ottoman Empire that reform was frustrated?
Select one:
a. Peasants
b. Merchants
c. Artisans
d. Sultans
e. Janissaries

e

Followers of the Safavids' followers were called
Select one:
a. Yellow Turbans.
b. Red Heads.
c. the Red Hand.
d. Plum Blossoms.
e. the White Lotus Society.

b

What was the chosen language of the Ottoman court?
Select one:
a. Greek
b. Turkish
c. Arabic
d. Persian
e. Russian

b

The capital of the Safavid empire under Abbas the Great was
Select one:
a. Mosul.
b. Isfahan.
c. Tabriz.
d. Baghdad.
e. Kabul.

b

The first Mughal emperor successfully defeated the Muslim ruler of the Lodi dynasty in 1526 at the battle of
Select one:
a. Delhi.
b. Kandahar.
c. Chaldiran.
d. Panipat.
e. Farghana.

d

What was the principle of succession within the Ottoman Empire?
Select one:
a. A committee of chieftains made the selection after the death of the sultan by electing one of their own.
b. Like earlier Islamic dynasties, the Ottoman Empire lacked a principle of succession, a fact that led to protracted warfare among prospective successors.
c. Ottoman sultans selected their successors prior to their death and elevated them as co-rulers.
d. Like the early Islamic administration of the orthodox caliphs, the successions within the Ottoman Empire were elective.
e. Succession within the Ottoman Empire was based on primogeniture, that is, the oldest son automatically succeeded the previous sultan.

b

How did the Ottoman dynasty compare to other ruling families?
Select one:
a. It was a series of brief kingships with long periods of disorder and warfare due to succession problems.
b. The Ottoman dynasty was among the most long-lasting in history, surviving for over 200 years—exceeded only by the Chinese dynasties.
c. The Ottoman dynasty lasted for over 600 years-a feat matched by no other ruling family.
d. Due to the lack of a principle of succession, the Ottomans endured constant dynastic change with individual families surviving only for decades.
e. Because the Ottoman succession was elective, it is misleading to think of the sultans as a single dynasty.

c

What was the state of the Mughal dynasty at the outset of the reign of Aurangzeb?
Select one:
a. Affairs of state had taken precedence over military issues due to the demands of the bureaucracy.
b. The Mughal bureaucracy remained efficient and effective, but the military had lapsed into technological conservatism.
c. The status of women in the Mughal empire was higher than at the beginning of the dynasty.
d. Although the cultural level of the empire had declined, the administrative reforms of Shah Jahan renewed the spirit of the empire.
e. The Mughal bureaucracy was bloated and corrupt, the army was backward in weaponry and tactics, and the peasants and artisans had seen living standards fall.

e

What led to the rapid demise of the Safavid empire?
Select one:
a. The successful conquest of the Ottoman Empire overextended the Safavid resources, so that the central government became increasingly inefficient.
b. The threat of Mongol conquest destabilized the government, which led to a revolt of the Janissaries.
c. The Safavid defeat at the battle of Panipat at the hands of a Russian army stripped the empire of its military forces just as pressure from outside enemies increased.
d. The collapse of the Safavid economy in the 18th century diminished the revenues of the empire to the point that the central government could no longer function.
e. Like the Ottoman Empire, the lack of a principle of succession led Abbas the Great to eliminate all capable rivals, leaving no capable ruler following his death.ette

e

Which of the following statements concerning the economy of the Mughal empire is most accurate?
Select one:
a. The Mughal economy was self-sufficient and operated under a strict Islamic code of behavior.
b. The Indian markets of the Mughals were flooded with Western products.
c. European traders brought products from throughout Asia to exchange for the subcontinent's famed cotton textiles.
d. Unlike the other Muslim empires, the Mughals successfully banned European merchants from their markets.
e. The Mughal empire produced nothing of value to the West, but served as a conduit of products from southeastern Asia much in demand among the Europeans.

c

In what way were the artisans of Constantinople similar to their counterparts in the West?
Select one:
a. They produced goods that were much in demand in Asia and other eastern markets.
b. Like the earlier West, craft production was limited and there were few independent artisans.
c. Like their counterparts in medieval European towns, the artisans were organized into guilds.
d. They had begun to form a proletariat.
e. In the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, artisans were free of governmental supervision.

c

Which of the following descriptions of the accomplishments of Babur is NOT accurate?
Select one:
a. He reformed the ineffective Lodi bureaucracy to create a streamlined administration.
b. He was a fine musician and designed gardens for his new capital at Delhi.
c. He wrote one of the great histories of India and was a fine musician.
d. He was a fine military strategist and fierce fighter who went into battle alongside his troops.
e. He defeated a much larger force in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat, which led to the establishment of his dynasty.

a

What was the status of the Turkish chiefs under the Safavid shahs?
Select one:
a. The former Turkish warriors were replaced entirely by the indigenous Persian nobility who formed a mercenary military force.
b. The former Turkish nomads were reduced to slavery, but still composed the foundation of the Safavid military.
c. Turkish chiefs were nominally independent of any centralized control or rule.
d. Like the Ottomans, the Turkish chiefs were gradually transformed into a warrior nobility with assigned villages and peasant labor.
e. Unlike the Ottomans, the Turkish cavalrymen were driven from the Safavid empire.

d

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Ottoman loss of monopoly over the Indian trade?
Select one:
a. Bullion caused by a negative balance of trade flowed out of the Ottoman Empire to the West.
b. Internal unrest further undermined Ottoman rule.
c. Military setbacks revealed the obsolescence of the Muslim fleets.
d. Direct carriage of eastern goods to ports in the West implied loss of revenues in taxes in Muslim trading centers.
e. Spices carried around Africa by Europeans enriched the Ottomans' Christian rivals.

a

The head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy was the
Select one:
a. eunuch.
b. caliph.
c. dhimmi.
d. vizier.
e. patriarch.

d

Prior to the Mongol invasions of their empire, the Abbasid dynasty was dominated by
Select one:
a. the Seljuk Turks.
b. the Ozbeg Turks.
c. the Mamluks.
d. the West.
e. Timur-i-Lang.

a

One of the most beautiful of the Ottoman mosques of Constantinople was the
Select one:
a. Taj Mahal.
b. Süleymaniye.
c. Saffah.
d. St. Basilís.
e. Kahil Jibran.

b

The Janissaries were
Select one:
a. powerful members of the scholar-gentry aristocracy within the Ottoman Empire who dominated regional administration.
b. Islamic judges not subject to state authority but only answered to the caliphs in Bagdad.
c. religious leaders under the control of the Ottoman state.
d. eunuchs from the royal family charged with care of the imperial harem.
e. slave troops of the Ottomans forcibly conscripted as adolescents from conquered territories.

e

What did the Ottomans do to Constantinople following its fall in 1453?
Select one:
a. Soon after its conquest, the Ottoman sultan undertook the restoration and beautification of Constantinople.
b. The Ottomans destroyed the city and moved their capital to Sophia.
c. The Ottomans rapidly abandoned Constantinople to the leaders of the Orthodox church who were responsible for its restoration and the construction of significant churches.
d. They used it only as a port city but did rebuild the walls and turned the churches into mosques.
e. The original city remained, but in a much reduced condition that the Ottomans did little to restore.

a

What was the impact of Aurangzeb's religious policies?
Select one:
a. The emperor succeeded in reestablishing the political and social dominance of the Hindu majority in India.
b. Aurangzeb's religious policies succeeded in removing Buddhism from India.
c. Aurangzeb's introduction of Christianity to India began the process by which millions of Indians were converted to the new religion.
d. More freedom for all religious groups with the exception of Christians
e. Aurangzeb's religious policies gravely weakened the internal alliances between Hindus and Muslims and disrupted the social peace that Akbar had established.

e

Following the invasions of Timur, the Ottoman Empire was restored under
Select one:
a. Akbar.
b. Mehmed II.
c. Muhammad Ali.
d. Suleyman the Magnificent.
e. Shah Abbas the Great.

b

On the sea, the Ottoman galleys were eclipsed by Western naval power as early as the
Select one:
a. 16th century.
b. 15th century.
c. 14th century.
d. 17th century.
e. 18th century.

a

Which of the following statements concerning Ottoman naval power is most accurate?
Select one:
a. The Ottoman Empire was sufficiently powerful at sea that until the 18th century they were able to monopolize the Arabian Sea.
b. The Ottoman Empire never developed a navy, thus were unable to control the Mediterranean or challenge the growing naval supremacy of the West.
c. The Ottomans retained their naval dominance in the Indian Ocean, but almost immediately lost all of their Mediterranean possessions.
d. The Ottoman Empire used both Western and Chinese naval technologies and established naval bases in Italy.
e. Powerful Ottoman galley fleets captured major island bases in the eastern Mediterranean, but were unable to prevent Western advances in the Indian Ocean.

e

The founder of the Mughal dynasty was
Select one:
a. Timur.
b. Mehmet II.
c. Babur.
d. Nadir Khan Afshar.
e. Akbar.

c

The first Safavid shah was
Select one:
a. Abbas the Great.
b. Suleyman the Great.
c. Akbar.
d. Osman.
e. Isma'il.

e

The original base of the Ottoman Turks was
Select one:
a. Anatolia.
b. Mesopotamia.
c. Transoxiana.
d. Syria.
e. the Balkans.

a

What was the outcome of the Din-i-Ilahi?
Select one:
a. By Akbar's death in 1605, the Din-i-Ilahi was rejected by both Muslims and Hindus.
b. It maintained a large number of believers until the introduction of Christianity in the 18th century by the British.
c. The new religion was widely accepted during Akbar's lifetime and became the state religion of the Mughal empire.
d. Accepted by Muslims who saw it as a means of cementing the authority of the Mughals over the traditional Hindu rulers, the new religion was rejected by Hindus.
e. Accepted by Hindus who benefited from the lenient policies of Akbar, the new religion was rejected by the Muslims.

a

Which of the following represents a difference between the declines of the Abbasids and the Ottomans?
Select one:
a. The Ottomans were at a much greater disadvantage as a result of the more potent threat from the West.
b. Only the Abbasids declined as a result of revolts by peasants and townsmen oppressed by the landed classes.
c. Only the Ottomans failed to develop a principle of succession leading to civil strife.
d. Only the Ottoman Empire suffered from the intervention of mercenary soldiers in politics.
e. The Abbasid decline was much more gradual than that of the Ottoman Empire.

a

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the reign of Humayan?
Select one:
a. Humayan was assassinated shortly after his accession and the Mughal dynasty was briefly replaced by a Hindu family.
b. Humayan completed the task of crushing opposition to the Mughal dynasty during the first 20 years of his reign, but settled into dissolute behavior later in his life.
c. Humayan was able to build on the reforms of his father and enjoyed one of the most stable and prosperous reigns of the Mughal dynasty.
d. Humayan fell ill and during his long illness the army mutinied leading to a new dynastic ruler.
e. Despite the seeming stability of Babur's reign, his son Humayan was exiled by 1540 and forced to fight to restore the Mughal rule.

e

The center of the Safavid empire was the modern-day state of
Select one:
a. Syria.
b. Jordan.
c. Iran.
d. Turkey.
e. Iraq.

c

Which of the following represents a difference between the origins of the Ottomans and the Safavids?
Select one:
a. The Safavids represented a highly militant strain of Islam.
b. The Safavids were originally frontier warriors.
c. The Safavids represented the Shi'a strain of Islam.
d. The Safavids were of Chinese origin.
e. The Safavids originated from a Turkish nomadic group.

c

Which of the following statements concerning the reign of Akbar is NOT accurate?
Select one:
a. He attempted to purify Islam by removing Hindu influences.
b. He personally oversaw the building of the military and administrative system.
c. He encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and the Hindu Rajput rulers.
d. He patronized the arts.
e. He extended the Mughal conquests in central and northern India.

a

After Chaldiran, the official language of the Safavid empire became
Select one:
a. Turkish.
b. Arabic.
c. Persian.
d. Farsi.
e. Hindi.

c

The immediate successor of the Safavid dynasty in Persia was
Select one:
a. Akbar the Great.
b. Suleyman the Great.
c. Babur the Great.
d. Muhammad Ali.
e. Nadir Khan Afshar.t

e

In what year was the first Safavid declared shah?
Select one:
a. 1501
b. 1571
c. 1722
d. 1553
e. 1453

a

What European nation first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with east Africa and India?
Select one:
a. Spain
b. France
c. Germany
d. England
e. Portugal

e

Which of the following was NOT one of the early modern Islamic empires?
Select one:
a. Followers of Shi'a Islam in former Persian territory
b. Mughal
c. Ottoman
d. Abbasid
e. Safavid

d

The Safavid dynasty had its origins in the 14th century in a family devoted to what variant of Islam?
Select one:
a. Kurd
b. Ismaili
c. Sufi
d. Sikh
e. Sunni

c