Expansion of the Industrial Economy (19th–Early 20th Century)

What were the abundant natural resources driving industrial growth in the United States?

Coal, iron ore, oil, and timber.

What is the Bessemer process known for?

It is a revolutionary method of mass producing inexpensive steel from molten iron, leading to taller buildings, longer bridges, and efficient railways.

What significant transportation development was completed in 1869?

The transcontinental railroad, connecting the eastern and western United States.

What were the working conditions like for industrial workers during this period?

Workers faced long hours (10–14 hours), low wages, and dangerous factory conditions.

What was Social Darwinism?

An ideology that justified wealth inequality based on the concept of 'survival of the fittest'.

What tragic event catalyzed reform in labor conditions in 1911?

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, which resulted in the deaths of 146 girls and women.

What were the goals of early labor unions?

To fight for higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

What does Laissez-faire capitalism advocate?

Minimal government intervention in business affairs.

What are vertical and horizontal integration?

Vertical integration is controlling all steps in production, while horizontal integration is merging with competitors to create monopolies.

Who were notable business leaders instrumental in industrial growth during this period?

Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan.

What were typical living conditions for urban workers during industrial expansion?

Overcrowded tenements with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water and healthcare.

What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?

A federal statute that prohibited activities that restricted commerce and competition in the marketplace.

What did the Gospel of Wealth advocate?

That the wealthy should use their wealth for philanthropic purposes.

What were scabs in the context of labor strikes?

Replacement workers brought in to continue work during strikes.

What implications did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire have for public policy?

It led to a push for labor reforms and improved safety regulations.