Bio Final Grade 10

Level of organization in cells

Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, Cells are the basic unit of life, All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cell Membrane

Controls what goes in and out of the cell; acts like a security gate.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like stuff that fills the cell; holds all organelles in place.

Nucleus

The “brain” of the cell; stores DNA and controls everything that happens.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes (the protein builders).

Ribosomes

Make proteins that the cell needs to grow and function.

Mitochondria

The “powerhouse”; makes energy (ATP) from food.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Transports materials around the cell.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes; makes and moves proteins.

Smooth ER

No ribosomes; makes fats (lipids) and detoxes chemicals.

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

Packages, sorts, and ships proteins and other materials.

Lysosomes

Break down waste, old parts, and invading stuff (mainly in animal cells).

Vacuoles

Storage units for water, food, and waste (plants have one big one; animals have small ones).

Cytoskeleton

Gives the cell its shape and helps with movement inside the cell.

Cell Wall (plant only)

Tough outer layer for support and protection; made of cellulose.

Chloroplasts (plant only)

Do photosynthesis; turn sunlight into sugar energy.

DNA (Genetic Material)

The instructions or code for making the cell’s parts and proteins.

Interphase

The cell grows, copies its DNA, and gets ready to divide.

Prophase

Chromatin (loose DNA) coils up into visible chromosomes. The nuclear membrane starts breaking down. Spindle fibers (tiny ropes) start forming.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.

Anaphase

The chromosomes get pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell. Each side gets one copy of every chromosome.

Telophase

Two new nuclei form (one on each side). The cell starts to pinch in the middle.

Cytokinesis

The cell fully splits into two identical daughter cells. Each new cell has the same DNA as the original.

Tissue

Groups of cells that function together to perform a specialized task

Epithelial Cells

Sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs

Types of Epithelial Cells

Skin epithelial Cells and Columnar epithelial Cells

Connective Tissue

Made up of living cells and nonliving materials that protects and connects the body’s organs

Bone Connective Tissue

Connective tissue made of living bone cells surrounded by non-living material (calcium)

Blood Connective Tissue

Made of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets in a matrix called plasma. Connects body systems by transporting oxygen, nutrients and platelets when skin is cut

Ligaments, Tendons and Cartilage

Ligaments connect bone to bone, tendons connect muscle to bone and cartilage is found at the end of bones

Types of Connective Tissue

Bone, Blood, Ligaments, Tendons and Cartilage

Nerve Tissue

Found in the brain, nerves and spinal cord, carries electric signals to and from the brain

Sensory Neurons

carries information from the body to the brain (sense outside world)

Motor Neurons

carries information from the brain to your muscles (helps you move)

Interneurons

carries information between sensory and motor neurons (the brain and spinal cord)

Types of Nerve Tissues

Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, Interneurons

Muscle Tissue

Tissue made of cells that contract (shorten) to allow movement

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Made of striated muscle tissue, this type of muscle you have control over (voluntary) and moves limbs

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Found in the walls of organs, arteries and veins; you cannot control this type of muscle (involuntary)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Found only in the heart (involuntary)

Types of Muscle Tissue

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

Differences of a Animals Cell

No Cell Wall, No chloroplasts, Smaller Vacuoles, Have centriols

Differences of a Plant Cell

Have a Cell Wall, Have Chloroplasts, Larger Vacuoles, Rectangular Shapes

Why do Cells Divide

Cells divide to grow, fix, reproduce,

Why Cells cant grow to big

Harder to get Nutrients, Not energy efficient, High risk of damage

STEM Cell

A simple cell in that is able to develop into any one of various kinds of specialized cells

Specialized Cells

Cells that can perform a specific function, Function is related to structure

Types of Specialized Cells

Red Blood Cell, Bone Cells, White Blood Cell, Fat Cell, Photophores Nerve Cells, Sperm Cells, Skin Cell, Muscle Cell

Types of STEM Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells, Meristematic Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Found in the embryo when it is just a few days old, able to develop into any type of cell

Adult Stem Cells

Found in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, skin, and heart, involved in replacement of damaged tissue

Meristematic Cells

Found in zones of the plant where growth can take place

Red Blood Cell

Small, round cells with no nucleus that carry oxygen using hemoglobin. Their biconcave shape helps them move easily through blood vessels.

Bone Cells

Hard, mineralized cells that maintain and support bone structure. They help with calcium storage and repair damaged bones.

White Blood Cell

Part of the immune system — they fight off infections, bacteria, and viruses. Different types target different invaders.

Fat Cell

Round cells that store energy as fat. They also provide insulation and cushion organs.

Photophores

Light-producing cells found in some marine animals (like fish or squid). They help with camouflage, communication, or attracting prey.

Nerve Cells

Long, branching cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. They control movement, sensation, and thought.

Sperm Cells

Male reproductive cell with a head (DNA), midpiece (mitochondria), and tail (flagellum) for swimming to fertilize an egg.

Skin Cell

Flat, tightly packed cells forming a protective barrier on the body’s surface, keep out germs and prevent water loss.

Muscle Cell

Elongated, stretchy cells filled with proteins (actin & myosin) that contract to allow movement and generate force.

Digestive System

The digestive system is a group of organs that work together to break down food into nutrients, absorb those nutrients into the body, and remove waste that can’t be digested.

Liver

Makes bile, a greenish fluid that helps digest fats.

Gallbladder

Stores that bile from the liver and sends it to the small intestine when needed.

Pancreas

Releases enzymes into the small intestine to help break down carbs, fats, and proteins.

Three functions of the Digestive System

Take in and break down food, absorb nutrients, removes solid waste

Types of Digestion

Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion

Mechanical Digestion

Food is broken down by grinding action of teeth and squeezing of the muscles

Chemical Digestion

Food is broken down by the action of chemicals like hydrochloric acid and enzymes.

4 stages of Digestion

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion

Ingestion

Mouth and teeth grind food, Peristalsis pushes food down the esophagus

Digestion

Stomach turns solid food in chyme and sends it to the small intestine

Absorption

Most nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine

Egestion

Waste Material is sent to the large intestine where water is absorbed.

Circulatory System

Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to all the body parts

Veins

Carry blood from all body parts back towards the heart

Valve

a flap-like structure in the heart or veins that keeps blood flowing in one direction and prevents it from going backward

Capillaries

tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing oxygen and nutrients to move into tissues and waste to move out

Pulmonary

relating to the lungs or the blood vessels that carry blood to and from them

Aorta

the largest artery in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Atrium

the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood coming into the heart

Ventricle

the lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out to the body or lungs

Septum

the wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart

Superior vena cava

a large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the heart

Inferior vena cava

a large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower body to the heart

Semilunar valve

a valve located between the ventricles and arteries that prevents blood from flowing backward into the heart

AV valve

the atrioventricular valve between the atrium and ventricle that stops blood from going back into the atrium

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide through breathing.

Nostril

the openings of the nose that let air enter and leave the body

Nasal cavity

the hollow space inside the nose that warms, moistens, and filters the air you breathe

Pharynx

the throat area that connects the mouth and nose to the trachea and esophagus

Epiglottis

a small flap of tissue that closes over the trachea when you swallow to stop food from going into your lungs

Larynx

also called the voice box, it produces sound and connects the throat to the trachea

Trachea

the windpipe that carries air from the throat down to the lungs

Bronchi

two main tubes that branch off from the trachea and lead into each lung

Bronchioles

smaller branches of the bronchi that spread air throughout the lungs

Alveoli

tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it

Alveolus

a single air sac within the alveoli where gas exchange takes place