Studied by 3 people
Approximate dates of industrialisation.
When was pre-industrial, industrial and post industrial Britain?
Pre-industrial = pre 1780 = Agriculturally based society.
Industrial = 1780-1840 = Industrial revolution.
Post-industrial = Up to 1900 = Machine-based society.
Socio-cultural influences on the development of Rational Recreation. (9)
The industrial revolution (Split into two halves).
Urbanisation.
The transport revolution.
Communications.
The influence of the church.
The emergence of the middle classes in a 3 tier society.
The British Empire.
Public provision of baths.
The development of national governing bodies (NGBs).
The Industrial Revolution as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
First half of 19th Century (1800-1850).
What were the initial effects of the industrial revolution and how did this influence sport?
Acronym HITFOR - the initial, negative effects of the industrial revolution.
H = Poor health and hygiene - poor living conditions, little energy for sport.
I = Lack of income - little spare income.
T = lack of time - shift from seasonal to machine time, 12 hour working days.
F = Facility provision was lacking - no equipment for lower classes.
O = Overcrowding - lack of space due to factories being built.
R = Loss of rights - changes in criminal laws led to restrictions places on mob games & blood sports (eg. Betting, fist fighting).
The Industrial Revolution as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
Second half of 19th Century (1850-1900).
What were the lasting effects of the industrial revolution and how did this influence sport?
Health and hygiene improved, provision of public baths.
Increase in wages and time, The Factory Acts - factories closed and Saturday half days.
Development of the new middle class, self-made men who took advantage of the new business opportunities, Games were played to a higher moral code.
Industrial patronage, kind factory owners became ‘patrons of sport’ for working class by providing support for them to play. Factory teams were set up.
Improvements in transport and communications, development of roads & steam trains, leagues were formed.
Became cheaper to travel, participation and spectating became more accessible.
Urbanisation as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
Urbanisation = the movement of people from rural → towns / cities.
Lack of space, space was at a premium so purpose built facilities had to be created.
Large working class populations, more people had to be entertained so higher number of spectators.
Loss of traditional sports, mob games were banned so there was a need for new sports.
Change in the working conditions, people had time off so participation of sport increased.
The Transport Revolution as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
The transport revolution refers to the development of steam trains and railways.
Movement of people, players and spectators can travel further so regular nationwide fixtures are formed.
Improved access to the countryside, rambling and climbing became options of sport as rural areas became reachable.
Cheaper train travel, working class spectators could follow their teams around for their fixtures.
Communications as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
The standard, length and frequency of newspapers improved as more people were literate.
Results, fixtures, match reports could be advertised and published.
Sporting role models emerged as profiles could be built on them.
The Influence of the Church as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
Why did the Church promote sport?
The Church promoted sport because :
It encouraged social control (improved behaviour) through civilised activities as opposed to the drinking and gambling of mob games.
Sport was viewed as a good way to promote Christian values.
Church halls provided venues for the working class to improve morality.
Sport was a way to increase Church attendance.
the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) promoted having a healthy body and a healthy mind.
The Influence of the Church as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
How did the Church help to develop sport?
The Church helped to develop sport by :
Organising teams, clubs and competitions.
Providing facilities.
Setting up church groups that used sport as part of their activities (YMCA, Scouts etc).
Aston Villa Football Club started out as a Church team - Villa Cross Methodist Church.
‘The emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society’ as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
The middle class were self-made individuals (entrepreneurs) who had empathy and concern for the working class. They helped to set up sport for the working class in the following ways :
Codification, defining rules for sport. Public school boys led this through NGBs.
Competitions, they had the power and education to set up leagues.
Public Provision, they established public baths and paths, passing government acts in their role as local politicians.
Increased leisure time, middle class factory owners gave Saturday half days off.
Move to Professionalism, they helped the development of early commercialisation / professionalism, acting as team owners and promoters.
The British Empire as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
Public school boys were educated to become the next leaders of the British Empire. They helped to spread Sport through the British Empire acting as :
Teachers, taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire.
Factory owners, set up teams and gave time off for workers to play.
Officers in the British Army, spread sport throughout the Empire.
Clergy, developed church teams.
National Governing Bodies, codified sports, spread leagues internationally.
Diplomats, travelled the world and took sport with them.
The Public Provision of Baths as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
To combat the poor living conditions, disease etc - the local authorities provided public washing facilities (via the Wash Houses Act 1846).
As the 19th century progressed, there were many baths, there were first and second class facilities reflecting the 2 tier society of the time.
Workers became less prone to illness so working productivity increased.
Plunge baths developed into swimming.
The Development of NGBs (National Governing Bodies) as a social-cultural influence on the development of rational recreation.
NGB example = British Showjumping or England Netball.
1863 - the FA (Football Association) was formed.
The NGBs began to develop during the mid-to-late 19th century because :
Sport was becoming more popular.
More teams and clubs were forming.
More fixtures were being organised.
Leagues were required for all the teams to be involved.
Nationally agreed rules / codification was required to enable fair competitions.
