Physical Science - Chapter 4

alchemists:

scientists who were interested in turning low-value materials such as lead into into high-value substances like gold

Robert Boyle

his work solidified the position that matter consisted of indivisible particles of elements, rejecting the Greek concept of matter as mixtures of the five basic elements

alchemists

scientists who were interested in turning low-value materials such as lead into into high-value substances like gold

Robert Boyle

his work solidified the position that matter consisted of indivisible particles of elements, rejecting the Greek concept of matter as mixtures of the five basic elements

Antoine Lavoisier

played a crucial role in our understanding of the elements; formed a list that included thirty-three elements known in his day

Jacob Berzelius

came up with a system that would become the accepted started

triads

a model of periodicity developed by Johann Döbereiner that is based on groups of three elements with similar properties

periodicity

the idea that properties of elements repeat in regular patterns in relation to some basic characteristic such as atomic mass or atomic number

law of octaves

the principle published by chemist John Newlands that stated that the properties of the forty-nine then-known elements repeated every eighth element, as in a musical octave

periodic law

the law that states that the properties of the elements vary with their atomic numbers in a regular, repeated pattern

periodic table of the elements

a table of the chemical elements arranged to display their periodic properties in relation to their atomic numbers

family

a column of elements in the periodic table having similar valence electron arrangement, resulting in similar valence

state

exist as a dense, ductile, malleable, lustrous solid

conductivity

are are highly conductive, electrically and thermally

reactivity

are reactive, especially with nonmetals

state

exist as a brittle solid with metallic luster

conductivity

are fairly conductive, increasingly so as temperature rises

reactivity

varies

state

exist as a gas, liquid, or a dull, brittle solid

conductivity

are poorly conductive, electrically and thermally

reactivity

varies

Alkali metals

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table, having one valence electron that it can easily lose to form a 1+ cation, making it extremely reactive; the most reactive of all the metals

Alkaline earth metal

An element in Group 2 of the periodic table, having two valence electrons that it tends to lose easily to become a 2+ cation, making it very reactive

Transitional metal

Any elements in Group 3-12 of the periodic table, typically having one or two valence electrons, which it easily loses, resulting in cations with charges of 1+ or 2+

Inner transitional metal

An element from either of two rows usually placed below the periodic table; a member of either the ianthahide or actinide series

Mixed group

Any of Groups 13-16 in the periodic table, so named because they contain metals, nonmetals, metalloids

Noble gas

An element in Group 18 on the periodic table having eight valence that fill the outer energy level

Electron dot notation

A representation of an atom consisting of its chemical symbol with surrounding dots representing its valence electrons

Atomic radius

The distance from the center of an atoms nucleus to its outermost energy level

Electronegativity

A measure of an elements ability to attract and hold electrons when bonded to other atoms

Antoine Lavoisier

played a crucial role in our understanding of the elements; formed a list that included thirty-three elements known in his day

triads

a model of periodicity developed by Johann Döbereiner that is based on groups of three elements with similar properties

periodicity

the idea that properties of elements repeat in regular patterns in relation to some basic characteristic such as atomic mass or atomic number

law of octaves

the principle published by chemist John Newlands that stated that the properties of the forty-nine then-known elements repeated every eighth element, as in a musical octave

periodic law

the law that states that the properties of the elements vary with their atomic numbers in a regular, repeated pattern

periodic table of the elements

a table of the chemical elements arranged to display their periodic properties in relation to their atomic numbers

family

a column of elements in the periodic table having similar valence electron arrangement, resulting in similar valence

Alkali metals

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table, having one valence electron that it can easily lose to form a 1+ cation, making it extremely reactive; the most reactive of all the metals.

Alkaline earth metal

An element in Group 2 of the periodic table, having two valence electrons that it tends to lose easily to become a 2+ cation, making it very reactive.

Transitional metal

Any elements in Group 3-12 of the periodic table, typically having one or two valence electrons, which it easily loses, resulting in cations with charges of 1+ or 2+

Inner transitional metal

An element from either of two rows usually placed below the periodic table; a member of either the ianthahide or actinide series. It typically has two valence electrons

Mixed group

Any of Groups 13-16 in the periodic table, so named because they contain metals, nonmetals, metalloids. These groups are often named for the first element in the family

Noble gas

An element in Group 18 on the periodic table having eight valence that fill the outer energy level. With a full outer energy level, it is inert