APEURO UNIT 1 #4 The Rise of New Monarchs

nobility

the most powerful group in European power structures before around the 1500s

new monarchs

rulers in Europe who centralized power and reduced the influence of the nobility during the late 15th to early 17th centuries.

Henry VIII

King of England who centralized power, broke from the Catholic Church, and established the Church of England, as he sought to divorce his wife to produce a male heir.

Treason Act

An act passed in 1534 by Henry VIII, which made it an offense to deny the king's supremacy over the Church of England.

Mary Tudor

Queen of England and the first daughter of Henry VIII, known for her attempt to restore Catholicism and her persecution of Protestants.

Elizabeth I

The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who became Queen of England and is known for her long and prosperous reign, which included the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the flourishing of the arts; promoted the English Renaissance and established Protestantism in England, reversing Mary Tudor’s attempt to restore it to Catholicism

Act of Uniformity

Enacted by Elizabeth I of England in 1559, this act mandated a standard form of worship and the Book of Common Prayer for the Church of England, establishing the structure of Anglican services.

Anglican Church

the church established by Elizabeth I, which formed a middle way between Catholicism and Protestantism, allowing for greater religious tolerance.

bureaucracy

a group of officials whose job it is to manage and administer government functions, ensuring the implementation of policies and laws.

Ferdinand and Isabella

the Catholic Monarchs of Spain who united the country and completed the Reconquista, overseeing the establishment of a centralized government and exploration overseas; established national taxes on the sale/exchange of property; created a massive bureaucracy which was responsible for collecting taxes and deciding questions of justice

Concordat of Bologna

an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, establishing the Catholic Church's authority in France and granting the king the right to appoint bishops and abbots.

Francis I

King of France who ruled from 1515 to 1547, known for his cultural patronage and centralization of power through the Concordat of Bologna.

Peace of Augsburg

a treaty signed in 1555 that allowed for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire, granting princes the authority to determine their territories' religion.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled from 1519 to 1556, known for his efforts to maintain Catholic unity and his conflicts with Protestant reformers; primarily in the Peace of Augsburg

merchants and bankers

these groups (not the new monarchs) saw a rise in power in the 15th-17trh centuries

Fugger Family

a prominent banking family in Augsburg during the Renaissance, known for their financial dealings and influence in the Holy Roman Empire.

republicanism

a government structure in which elected representatives make the laws and wield power by the consent of the governed; championed by Machiavelli

Jean Bodin

a French jurist and political philosopher who is best known for his concepts of sovereignty and absolute power and divine right in government

divine right

the doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, justifying their absolute rule without question from subjects.