Unification of Italy and Germany

What is nationalism

pride in one's country

What will people do for their country based off nationalism

People will kill/fight and die for their country

Factors of Nationalism?

Culture, History, Language, Religion, Nationality, Territory

Before unification

There were independent Italian city states

Austrian Empire

Kingdom of Prussia

Independent German states

After Unification

City states become Kingdom of Italy

Austrian empire becomes the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Kingdom of Prussia and German states become the German Empire.

What is Italy made up of?

Made up of independent city states

What does italy want to do?

Return to its past glory...

What will the unification do to italy

Unification might end trade barriers and stimulate the economy

Nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini

"The soul" apart of the Carbonari

Giuseppe Garibaldi

"The sword" another member of thee carbonari, led the volunteer Red Shirts in uniting Southern Italy

What was Count Cavour known as?

"The Brains"

What position did Count Cavour hold in Piedmont-Sardinia in 1852?

Prime Minister

Sardinia-Piedmont- The "Magnet"

Pull together states

What state did Count Cavour help to become a leading state in Italy?

Sardinia

Italian unification: Risorgimento

"Resurgence" Rising against/boost. Its a move for italian nationalists to bring back the greatness.

What economic developments did Count Cavour establish in Sardinia?

Banks, railroads, and growth of industries

How did Count Cavour contribute to the military of Sardinia?

He strengthened the military, Made sardinia piedmont a strong place. Internally strong.

King Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Piedmont that appointed Cavour his Prime Minister and worked to unite Italy.

What is the Carbonari group?

Most influential group in Italy, created a secret organization called Young Italy in 1831

What is Young Italy?

A nationalistic organization that openly defied and protested Austrian control over Italy

Who are the red shirts?

Garibaldi's army of 1000 volunteers

Real Politik

You gotta do what you gotta do.

Step 1A of italian unification

Italy was previously divided into different states, some controlled by different rulers.

Many Italians wanted to unite under one nation rather than different rulers.

Cavour was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia the most powerful Italian state.

Cavour was a skilled politician and diplomat who wanted to expand Sardinias power and unify italy.

He worked to gain control over northern italy through alliances and other actions.

Conflicts with austria:

Austria controlled parts of northern italy which was a big obstacle to unify.

Cavour made an alliance with Frances Napoleon III to help fight austria.

A war was started and the FrenchSardinia army defeated Austria gaining most of northern Italy

Step 1B of italian unification

Garibaldi was a skilled soldier who supported italian unification.

In 1860 he led an army of italian nationalists to capture Sicily.

He and his followers wore bright red Shirts earning the name "Red Shirts"

After conquering Sicily, Giribaldi and his troops crossed over to mainland italy and marched north right own the center taking control of more territory.

Instead of keeping the power for himself Garibaldi agreed to unite the southern lands he had conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia which King Victor Emmanuel II led

Cavour the prime minister arranged for Garibaldi to meet The King where Garibaldi willingly stepped aside and let the king rule over the newly united region.

When did Italy become a country/created

1861

When did italy become unified

1870

step 2 of italian unification

The Papal States were territories controlled by the Pope. They were the last major area not yet unified into the Italian Kingdom.

In 1870, Italian forces took control of the Papal States. Bringing Rome under italian rule.

With this victory, Rome became the capital of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy.

Even though Rome was now apart of italy, The pope was allowed to govern a small section of the city later called Vatican City. (independent country today)

step 3

Italy is united in 1870

Who is Otto von Bismarck?

Prime Minister of Prussia; in 1873 intentionally provoked three wars and then Prussia won all of them. uses nationalism to appeal to German speakers. Main reason Prussia becomes Germany.

Blood and Iron

Bismarck's idea of always preparing and waging war, and those things can only be done with war

junker

strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class

Otto von Bismark quote "The less people know about how sausage and laws are made, the better they'll sleep at night.

meaning we dont care how its made the less you know the better

What are the results of the Italian unification?

Not everyone likes it so italians go to New York for New opportunities

What is "Germany" made up of

Independent states like Bavaria and Prussia.

What did they believe unification would do for "Germany"

It would end tariffs and promote working together.

Inside the German confederation line who was dominating?

Prussia

Otto von Bismark quote 2

The greatest questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions-that was the mistake of 1848-1849- but by BLOOD AND IRON

meaning weve tried to talk it out but its not working so the only solution we have is to fight.

Otto von Bismark quote 3

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Once you get your butt kicked, Now kicking butt

Otto von Bismark quote 4

Some damned foolish thing in the balkans will provoke the next war

Foreshadowing.. where drama will explode in the Balkan peninsula.

What is a Kaiser?

another word for emperor or king.

What does the Franco-Prussia Was lead to?

Unification of Germany

When does King william take the title of kaiser

After the Victory over France at the Franco-Prussia Was.

Step #1 : The Danish War 1864

Prussia expands its borders to capture German provinces

Prussia forms an alliance with Austria and fight Denmark to gain control of two places. Schleswig and Holstein.

First big step in unifying germany

What do they want from the Danish war

Land

Why do they want the land?

German speaking people

Who is fighting the danish war

prussia and austria against denmark

Who wins the Danish War?

Prussia and Austria

Step #2 : Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks War] 1866

Bismarck made a drastic move to Unite All Germans.

Prussia wanted to dominate Germany

There was tension between Austria and Prussia's territories of Schleswig and Holstein

Bismark provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia

The war lasted 7 weeks

Prussia won and lost the region of Venetia which was given to Italy

Prussia took control of northern Germany

How did the Austro-Prussian war impact the italian unification?

Italy allied with Prussia against Austria hoping to gain Venetia which was controlled by Austria. This was a big step to bringing Italy closer to unification.

How did the Austro-Prussian war impact the German unification?

Removed Austria from German affairs.

Prussia defeats Austria and Becomes Dominant

They competed for leadership over the German speaking states.

After Austrias defeat prussia took control of northern Germany and formed the North German Confederation

Step #3 : Ems(A Town) Dispatch(Telegram/letter) 1870: A Catalyst for War

Steps.

There is drama/revolt in spain

The leaders of Spain and the king of prussia are cousins.

Creates an alliance

France doesnt like the alliance since now surrounded

France wants to have a meeting with prussia in ems

Prussia declines the offer of not being friends with spain

Wilhelm then writes a letter and gives it to bismark

Bismark changes the letter and sends it out

The note of lies gets to france

France declares war against prussia

Southern catholic germany sees france as the agressor

prussia now looks good due to tolerant of catholics

since those are the people they want to win over.

"The ems telegram should have the desired effect of waving a red cape infront of the face of the french bull"

comparing the edited telegram to a red cape that would infuriate a bull (France) and make it charge (declare war