development
a change which improves the quality of life for people
Quality of life takes in account of…
Happiness
well being
access to servcies
Standard of living takes in account of…
money
material wealth
access to goods
economic development
improvement in economic growth
3 economic development indicators
GNI per capita
HDI
% in primary jobs
social development
improvement in people’s standard of living
3 social development indicators
life expectancy
HDI
% in primary jobs
environmental development
improvement in managing and protecting environment
2 environmental development indicators
deforestation rates
environmental protection laws
GDP
gross domestic product
total value of goods + services a country produces in a year
GDP per capita
GDP ÷ population of country
GNI
gross national income
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year and income from overseas
advantages of GNI per capita
easy to classify
shows something about economic level of development within the country
calculates value of currency in country
disadvantages of GNI per capita
only measures economic development
can be innacurate as countries have different populations
hides inequalities in wealth
birth rate
number of alive babies born per 1000 of the population per year
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
life expectancy
average age a person can expect to live up to
infant mortality rate
the number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 babies born
literacy rate
% of adults who can read and write
HDI
human development index
life expectancy, education level and income per year (sum of human development)
HDI as a measure- positive or negative?
includes 3 measures, not just 1
includes economic + social indicators
updated annually
some data choices questionable
does indicate clear global patterns
happy index
(country’s life expectancy, well-being and level of inequality) ÷ environmental imapct
The Brandt Line
The concept of the north being rich and the south being poor, it was Introduced in the 1980s
BRICS
Britain, Russia, India, China and South Africa
by 2050 they’d have the biggest economies
MINTS
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey, (S)
in 2014, these were identified as being the next large economies
4 features of low income developing countries (LIDCs)
GNI per capita is low
low standard of living
low level of development
rely mainly on agriculture
4 features of emerging and developing countries (EDCs)
getting richer
exports of manufactured goods generally high
health far, education, transport improving
standard of living improves
4 features of advanced countries (ACs)
high GNI per capita
high standard of living
lots of money to spent on improving education, transport and healthcare
high life expectancy
4 factors affecting development
corruption of government
debt limits investment in development
landlocked countries find it harder to directly go to sea, making trade hard
harsh climates and frequent disasters can cause slow development
debt
happens when a country borrows money to pay for goods and services, smaller GNI means the worse debt is
____ __________ people live without access to electricity
840 million
landlocked country
a country which is surrounded entirely by land
trade
buying and selling goods/ services between countries
visible trade
the buying and selling of materials/ goods which can be counted or weighed
invisible trade
buying and selling of services
trade surplus
country exports more than it imports
trade deficit
country imports more than it exports
what are 3 things population pryaminds can show?
total population
life expectancy
death rate
birth rate
if a population pryamid is a rectangular shape, it is most likely an ____
AD
if a population pryamid is a hill shape it is most likely an ____
EDC
if a population pryamid is a triangle shape, it is most likely a ______
LIDC
primary jobs
getting raw material from land or sea
secondary jobs
making things (manufacturing)
tertiary jobs
providing a service
quaternary jobs
highly skilled jobs (scientific/ IT)
4 development strategies
top-down, large scale projects led by governments
bottom-up, smaller scale projects led by communities
fair trade, fair prices for producers in LIDCS
debt relief and sustainable development goles, a programme which aims to cancel out all debt for LIDCS
trans national company (TNC)
a global company which can be found all over the world
4 advantages of TNCs
provide jobs, technology and infrastructure investment
company and workers pay tax which produces income for gov
produce goods more efficiently and cheaper, reducing cost to customer
creates a stable government
4 disadvantages of TNCs
TNCS prioritise money before workers or consumers
some can pollute environment
some TNCS exploit workers
can divide rich and poor areas in countries
new tech and employment, leading cultures to be lost and forgotten