geography — dynamic development

development

development

a change which improves the quality of life for people

Quality of life takes in account of…

• Happiness

• well being

• access to servcies

Standard of living takes in account of…

• money

• material wealth

• access to goods

economic development

improvement in economic growth

3 economic development indicators

• GNI per capita

• HDI

• % in primary jobs

social development

improvement in people’s standard of living

3 social development indicators

• life expectancy

• HDI

• % in primary jobs

environmental development

improvement in managing and protecting environment

2 environmental development indicators

• deforestation rates

• environmental protection laws

GDP

gross domestic product

total value of goods + services a country produces in a year

GDP per capita

GDP ÷ population of country

GNI

gross national income

total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year and income from overseas

advantages of GNI per capita

• easy to classify

• shows something about economic level of development within the country

• calculates value of currency in country

disadvantages of GNI per capita

• only measures economic development

• can be innacurate as countries have different populations

• hides inequalities in wealth

birth rate

number of alive babies born per 1000 of the population per year

death rate

number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

life expectancy

average age a person can expect to live up to

infant mortality rate

the number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 babies born

literacy rate

% of adults who can read and write

HDI

human development index

life expectancy, education level and income per year (sum of human development)

HDI as a measure- positive or negative?

• includes 3 measures, not just 1

• includes economic + social indicators

• updated annually

• some data choices questionable

• does indicate clear global patterns

happy index

(country’s life expectancy, well-being and level of inequality) ÷ environmental imapct

The Brandt Line

The concept of the north being rich and the south being poor, it was Introduced in the 1980s

BRICS

Britain, Russia, India, China and South Africa

by 2050 they’d have the biggest economies

MINTS

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey, (S)

in 2014, these were identified as being the next large economies

4 features of low income developing countries (LIDCs)

• GNI per capita is low

• low standard of living

• low level of development

• rely mainly on agriculture

4 features of emerging and developing countries (EDCs)

• getting richer

• exports of manufactured goods generally high

• health far, education, transport improving

• standard of living improves

4 features of advanced countries (ACs)

• high GNI per capita

• high standard of living

• lots of money to spent on improving education, transport and healthcare

• high life expectancy

4 factors affecting development

• corruption of government

• debt limits investment in development

• landlocked countries find it harder to directly go to sea, making trade hard

• harsh climates and frequent disasters can cause slow development

debt

happens when a country borrows money to pay for goods and services, smaller GNI means the worse debt is

____ __________ people live without access to electricity

840 million

landlocked country

a country which is surrounded entirely by land

trade

buying and selling goods/ services between countries

visible trade

the buying and selling of materials/ goods which can be counted or weighed

invisible trade

buying and selling of services

trade surplus

country exports more than it imports

trade deficit

country imports more than it exports

what are 3 things population pryaminds can show?

• total population

• life expectancy

• death rate

• birth rate

if a population pryamid is a rectangular shape, it is most likely an ____

AD

if a population pryamid is a hill shape it is most likely an ____

EDC

if a population pryamid is a triangle shape, it is most likely a ______

LIDC

primary jobs

getting raw material from land or sea

secondary jobs

making things (manufacturing)

tertiary jobs

providing a service

quaternary jobs

highly skilled jobs (scientific/ IT)

4 development strategies

• top-down, large scale projects led by governments

• bottom-up, smaller scale projects led by communities

• fair trade, fair prices for producers in LIDCS

• debt relief and sustainable development goles, a programme which aims to cancel out all debt for LIDCS

trans national company (TNC)

a global company which can be found all over the world

4 advantages of TNCs

• provide jobs, technology and infrastructure investment

• company and workers pay tax which produces income for gov

• produce goods more efficiently and cheaper, reducing cost to customer

• creates a stable government

4 disadvantages of TNCs

• TNCS prioritise money before workers or consumers

• some can pollute environment

• some TNCS exploit workers

• can divide rich and poor areas in countries

• new tech and employment, leading cultures to be lost and forgotten