Unit 1: 1491-1607

Pueblo People

(Utah, Colorado)- Farmers of sister crops, known for cliff dwellings, Mesa Verde and Anasazi. Conflicts with the Spanish that lead to the Pueblo Revolt.

Nomadic People

(Colorado to Canada)- Hunter/Gatherers, hunted buffalo, kinship bonds, like the Ute people.

Chumash/Chinook People

(Pacific coast)- Permanent settlements, fish was main source of supplies, semi nomadic.

Iroquios

(Northeast Coast)- Longhouses because of their abundant timber supply.

Mississippi River Region

Held the Cahokia tribe, river used for trade. Societies shaped based on environment.

Prompted for exploration

Stronger states formed in Europe (more wealth/class division), wanted to trade with Asia with less islamic interference so they began looking for other trade routes. Eventually led to the Columbian Exchange.

Portugal's role in exploration

Established a trade empire with Africa, granting them access to the Indian Ocean. (Had better maritime technology). Spain eventually joined. (Iberian Peninsula conquest.)

Spain's exploration goals

Spread religion and gain new economic opportunities

Columbian Exchange Effects

Brought together the hemispheres, turning point for the world.

Fuedalism

Nobles granted land by kings in return for work and military protection, European economy began to shift from it.

Capitalism

Private ownership and free exchange, switched to capitalism from feudalism.

Joint Stock Companies

Investors pooled money and other resources to fund a common cause. Made it so if something went wrong, no one was impacted largely.

Encomienda System

A way Spain maintained colonies. Spanish Americans were able to tax Natives and force them to work. In return, they were to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity. Over time, Slaves became uncooperative.

Casta system

A social hierarchy based on race, gave categories based on race.

Mestiso

Part native, part spanish.

Criollos

Spaniards born in the colonies

Haciendas

Rural Spanish colonies in new world, huge expanses of farms, ranches, and plantations.

Las Casas

Priest that spoke out about the mistreatment of native americans after seeing the way they were treated.

Sepulveda

Supported the slavery of natives, believed they were less human than Europeans. Used biblical references to support his debate.

Valladolid Debate

The argument between Las Casas and Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish. Debate held in Valladolid Spain, 1550-1551.

Chattel Slavery

Ownership of a slave, full rights to buy or sell them. Slaves were items/property. The Native slaves were familiar with the US, dying from overworking and disease. Africans were unfamiliar with the area and the Slave Trade began to flourish.

Asiento System

System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.

Roanoke Colony

English expedition of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World; colony disappeared from Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks sometime between 1587 and 1590. Known as the Lost Colony.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in the late 17th century, expelled the Spanish for over 10 years in New Mexico. Spain began to change their approach to Natives after the revolt