X910_ALBiology_S2T2

Mitosis

Cell division process resulting in genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Meiosis

Cell division process forming four haploid daughter cells with half the parent genetics.

Interphase

Period before mitosis when cells prepare for division.

Mitosis stages

Prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.

Mitotic division

The process of cell division in which a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Chromosomes

Thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.

Spindle fibers

Microtubules that help separate chromosomes during cell division.

Metaphase plate

An imaginary plane in the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase of mitosis.

Centrioles

Cell organelles that move to opposite sides of the cell during cell division.

Spindle fibers

Structures formed by centrioles that stretch across the cell and attach to chromosomes.

Nuclear envelope

Membrane surrounding the nucleus that breaks down during cell division.

Nucleolus

Structure within the nucleus that disappears during cell division.

Chromosomes

Genetic material released into the cytoplasm during cell division.

Spindle Fibres

Structures that pull the chromosomes during cell division.

Metaphase Plate

The center of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

Chromatids

Two identical copies of DNA that make up a chromosome.

Centromere

The central part of a chromosome where chromatids are joined and spindle fibers attach.

Anaphase

The stage of cell division where the centromeres split, dividing chromatids, and the spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles surrounding spindle fibers during anaphase, providing energy for the cell division process.

Cleavage Furrow

The area where the cell will eventually split during anaphase.

Anaphase

The phase of cell division where centromeres split, dividing chromatids, and spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The phase of cell division marked by the disappearance of chromosomes into less defined chromatin, disintegration of spindle fibers, and the reforming of the nuclear envelope and nucleolus in both halves of the cell.

Binary Fission

Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission.

Stage 1

Parent cell ready to divide and replicate.

Stage 2

The DNA and plasmids replicate.

Stage 3

DNA and plasmids move apart attaching to the cell membrane.

Stage 4

Cell membrane begins to lengthen, starting to pinch inwards in the centre.

Stage 5

Two separate cells are formed, as pinching continues and splits the now elongated cell. A new cell wall forms between the two identical daughter cells.

Viral Replication

The process by which viruses make new copies of themselves within a host cell.

Capsid Proteins

Proteins on the protein coat of viruses that enable them to attach to host cells.

Viral Nucleic Acid

The genetic material of viruses, which is injected into host cells for replication.

Egestion

The process of expelling viral components from the host cell to continue the replication cycle.

Cell Cycle

Process involving stages of cell growth and division.

Interphase

Longest phase of the cell cycle with no cell division occurring.

Nuclear Division

Stage where the nucleus divides within the cell.

Cytokinesis

Process where the cytoplasm divides, forming two new cells.

Mitotic

Type of cell division producing identical daughter cells.

Meiotic

Type of cell division resulting in four cells with half the genetic material.

Cell Division

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Cancer

A disease caused by the loss of control over cell division, leading to unchecked cell growth and tumor formation.

Mutated Genes

Genes that have undergone changes, affecting the regulation of the cell cycle and mitosis, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth.

Mitosis

The process of cell division where a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Cancer Treatments

Methods used to disrupt the cell division process in cancer cells to prevent replication or disrupt spindle formation.

Drawbacks of Cancer Treatments

Adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs on healthy cells due to their impact on cell division, affecting both cancerous and healthy cells.

Speed of Cell Division

The rate at which cells divide, with cancerous cells dividing at a significantly faster rate than healthy cells, making them more susceptible to the effects of cancer drugs.

Hair cells

Cells that divide quickly, such as hair cells, are more affected by cancer drugs, leading to hair loss.

Meiosis

Cell division resulting in four haploid cells.

Mitosis

Cell division leading to two genetically identical diploid cells.

Daughter cells

Cells produced during cell division.

Parent cells

Original cells copied during division.

Diploid

Cell with full chromosome number.

Haploid

Cell with half the chromosome number, like a sex cell.

Interphase

Resting phase with DNA replication.

Prophase

First mitotic phase with visible chromosomes.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.

Anaphase

Chromosomes split and move to opposite poles.

Telophase

Chromatin forms, spindle fibers disintegrate.

Cytokinesis

Final splitting of new cells.

Binary Fission

Prokaryotic cell division method.

Centriole

Organelles forming spindle fibers.

Spindle fibers

Pull chromatids to opposite poles.

Metaphase plate

Equator of the cell.

Centromeres

Central chromosome part holding chromatids.

Cleavage furrow

Pinching point at the cell's equator for division.