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Mitosis
Cell division process resulting in genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis
Cell division process forming four haploid daughter cells with half the parent genetics.
Interphase
Period before mitosis when cells prepare for division.
Mitosis stages
Prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
Mitotic division
The process of cell division in which a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.
Spindle fibers
Microtubules that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
Metaphase plate
An imaginary plane in the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase of mitosis.
Centrioles
Cell organelles that move to opposite sides of the cell during cell division.
Spindle fibers
Structures formed by centrioles that stretch across the cell and attach to chromosomes.
Nuclear envelope
Membrane surrounding the nucleus that breaks down during cell division.
Nucleolus
Structure within the nucleus that disappears during cell division.
Chromosomes
Genetic material released into the cytoplasm during cell division.
Spindle Fibres
Structures that pull the chromosomes during cell division.
Metaphase Plate
The center of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.
Chromatids
Two identical copies of DNA that make up a chromosome.
Centromere
The central part of a chromosome where chromatids are joined and spindle fibers attach.
Anaphase
The stage of cell division where the centromeres split, dividing chromatids, and the spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelles surrounding spindle fibers during anaphase, providing energy for the cell division process.
Cleavage Furrow
The area where the cell will eventually split during anaphase.
Anaphase
The phase of cell division where centromeres split, dividing chromatids, and spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
The phase of cell division marked by the disappearance of chromosomes into less defined chromatin, disintegration of spindle fibers, and the reforming of the nuclear envelope and nucleolus in both halves of the cell.
Binary Fission
Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission.
Stage 1
Parent cell ready to divide and replicate.
Stage 2
The DNA and plasmids replicate.
Stage 3
DNA and plasmids move apart attaching to the cell membrane.
Stage 4
Cell membrane begins to lengthen, starting to pinch inwards in the centre.
Stage 5
Two separate cells are formed, as pinching continues and splits the now elongated cell. A new cell wall forms between the two identical daughter cells.
Viral Replication
The process by which viruses make new copies of themselves within a host cell.
Capsid Proteins
Proteins on the protein coat of viruses that enable them to attach to host cells.
Viral Nucleic Acid
The genetic material of viruses, which is injected into host cells for replication.
Egestion
The process of expelling viral components from the host cell to continue the replication cycle.
Cell Cycle
Process involving stages of cell growth and division.
Interphase
Longest phase of the cell cycle with no cell division occurring.
Nuclear Division
Stage where the nucleus divides within the cell.
Cytokinesis
Process where the cytoplasm divides, forming two new cells.
Mitotic
Type of cell division producing identical daughter cells.
Meiotic
Type of cell division resulting in four cells with half the genetic material.
Cell Division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Cancer
A disease caused by the loss of control over cell division, leading to unchecked cell growth and tumor formation.
Mutated Genes
Genes that have undergone changes, affecting the regulation of the cell cycle and mitosis, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth.
Mitosis
The process of cell division where a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Cancer Treatments
Methods used to disrupt the cell division process in cancer cells to prevent replication or disrupt spindle formation.
Drawbacks of Cancer Treatments
Adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs on healthy cells due to their impact on cell division, affecting both cancerous and healthy cells.
Speed of Cell Division
The rate at which cells divide, with cancerous cells dividing at a significantly faster rate than healthy cells, making them more susceptible to the effects of cancer drugs.
Hair cells
Cells that divide quickly, such as hair cells, are more affected by cancer drugs, leading to hair loss.
Meiosis
Cell division resulting in four haploid cells.
Mitosis
Cell division leading to two genetically identical diploid cells.
Daughter cells
Cells produced during cell division.
Parent cells
Original cells copied during division.
Diploid
Cell with full chromosome number.
Haploid
Cell with half the chromosome number, like a sex cell.
Interphase
Resting phase with DNA replication.
Prophase
First mitotic phase with visible chromosomes.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
Anaphase
Chromosomes split and move to opposite poles.
Telophase
Chromatin forms, spindle fibers disintegrate.
Cytokinesis
Final splitting of new cells.
Binary Fission
Prokaryotic cell division method.
Centriole
Organelles forming spindle fibers.
Spindle fibers
Pull chromatids to opposite poles.
Metaphase plate
Equator of the cell.
Centromeres
Central chromosome part holding chromatids.
Cleavage furrow
Pinching point at the cell's equator for division.
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