Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing cell structure, function, and organization.

Biological Hierarchy

Levels of biological organization from smallest to largest: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

What is a Prokaryotic Cell

Cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Examples: Bacteria, Archaea

What is a Eukaryotic Cell

Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

Plasma Membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (selective permeability) and helps maintain homeostasis.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell that surrounds all organelles; found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers that provide structure and help with movement within the cell.

Ribosomes

Make proteins (protein synthesis); found free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER; present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Nucleus

Stores DNA and controls cell activities; found only in eukaryotes; contains nucleolus, where ribosomes are made.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Attached to nucleus. Rough ER has ribosomes and makes/transports proteins. Smooth ER has no ribosomes and helps with lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages, modifies, and ships proteins and lipids.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; converts glucose + oxygen → ATP energy via cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells; uses sunlight to make glucose; green due to chlorophyll.

Lysosomes

Break down waste, old organelles, and bacteria; full of enzymes.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs for water, waste, and nutrients; large in plant cells to help with growth by absorbing water and expanding.