Unit 6 - Industry and Isms

Thomas Malthus

English cleric and scholar who argued in his book, “Essay on the Principle of Population”, that the human population grows at a geometric rate, thus outstripping food supply, which expands at an arithmetic rate

Conservatism

support for the established order in church and state that, in the nineteenth century, implied support for legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches; favored only gradual, or “organic” change

Concert of Europe

term applied to the European great powers acting together (in “concert”) to resolve international disputes from 1815 to the 1850s

Nationalism

the belief that people are apart pf a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguish it from other nations and make it the primary focus of people’s loyalty and sense of identity

Liberalism

support for the protection and enhancement of individual rights

Tsar Nicholas I

Emperor of Russia who represented autocracy with the use of censorship and surveillance by the secret police

Laissez-Faire

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market

Proletarianization

the process in the 19th century where artisans became wage laborers and lost both ownership of the means of production and control over the conduct of their trade

Frederick Engels

German philosopher who found Marxist theory together with Karl Marx, with whom he co-authored the Communist Manifesto

Frederick William

Prussian king who declared his own constitution with a system of three-tier voting

Utilitarianism

the theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest number of people, should be applied to government, economy, and judicial systems

Utopian Socialist

early 19th century writers who wished to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities

Anarchism

belief that the government and social institutions were oppressive and unnecessary and that society should be based on voluntary cooperation among inviduals

Marxism

the theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that history is the result of class conflict, which will end in the inevitable triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social classes

The Communist Manifesto

the document in which Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels portrayed human history as developing from ancient times to the present through a serious of economic class struggles

Socialism

social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources

Carlsbad Decrees

a set of repressive laws passed in 1819 to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German Confederation

Charles X

king who opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism which led him to be overthrown by the July Revolution in 1830

Louis Phillipe

nicknamed the Citizen King, was the last monarch of France. He abdicated his throne during the French Revolution of 1848

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain who lived in the Spanish colonies in the Americas

Creoles

people of European descent who were born in the Americas

William Lovett

leader of the Chartist political movement

Chartism

the first large scale European working class political movement that fought for political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers

Emperor Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)

president of the French Second Republic and emperor of the Second French Empire until his deposition

Revolutions of 1848

a series of uprisings against European monarchies that spread throughout Europe