Reviewer

Bardeen & Brattain

 the transistor (1947), which replaced bulky vacuum tubes and allowed the creation of smaller, faster, and more reliable computers.

Harvard Mark 1

a massive 50-foot-long electromechanical computer. It could complete complex calculations in seconds, tasks that previously took humans several hours.

Enigma Machine

•Meanwhile, in Great Britain, mathematicians were working to crack the German military’s encrypted messages.

• – produce millions of possible message combinations.

Bombe Machine

an electromechanical device that could analyze the complex patterns of the Enigma code.

Characteristics of Post Truth Era

•Distrust in governments, media, and experts.

•Reliance on social media (Facebook, TikTok, YouTube) for news.

Ethics

• Accessibility - digital divide, limited internet access

• Property- piracy, plagiarism

• Privacy - Data leaks, online tracking

• Accuracy - Fake news, misinformation

Ethical dillema of AI

bias and fairness, accountability, privacy, transparency, and autonomy. These issues question whether AI can truly act ethically when its decisions affect human lives, economies, and societies

Internet of Things (IoT)

devices and sensors connected via the internet. (smart homes and smart cities)

Sundas Pichai

CEO of Google/Alphabet, leading AI, cloud computing and google’s deepmind ai systems

Discoveries of the first industrial revolution

Steam engine, mechanized textile machines, cotton gin

Mark Zuckerberg

co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook). He’s one of the world’s most influential tech entrepreneurs, known for creating Facebook in 2004 while at Harvard.

Allan Turing

• Pioneered computer science and artificial intelligence, created the Turing machine

Tim Berners Lee

British computer scientist credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN.

Bill Gates

recognized the need for computer software and began developing programs under the company Microsoft. Co founded Microsoft, developed Windows OS, making personal computers accessible

Biodiversity

variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of living things at all levels, from genes to ecosystem.

Biodiversity Levels

1. Genetic Diversity

2. Species Diversity

3. Ecosystem Diversity

Ecosystem

variations in ecosystems within a geographical location. It is the variety of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere, and is a complex level of biodiversity

Overexploitation

Caused 33% of marine fish stocks to be overfished, poaching and hunting endangered mammals.

Zoonotic diseases

 are infections that jump from animals to humans. COVID-19 is a prime example of how biodiversity loss drives pandemic emergence.

• Originates in animal populations

• Crosses species barrier to humans

• Spreads through contact, trade, or consumption

Covid 19

Believed to have originated in bats

• Transmitted through wildlife trade and consumption

• Habitat disruption accelerated spillover

Health - WHO

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence ofdisease of infirmity

ALMA ATA Declaration

This identified public health as a primary healthcare as the key achievement of

“Health for All”

. Some of the highlights of the declaration are as follows:

•Health is a most important worldwide social goal.

•Gross inequalities in health between developed and developing countries are unacceptable

and are therefore a concern to all countries.

•People have a right and duty to participate individually and collectively in planning and

implementing healthcare.

•Primary healthcare is essential healthcare and forms an integral part of the country's healthcare

system and the overall development of the community.

•Health for All by 2000 can be attained through a full and better use of the world's resources, a

part of which is spent on armaments and military conflict.

Cholera Outbreak 1854

• in London

• •Linked disease to contaminated water, not “bad air.

• •Led to removal of Broad Street pump handle — a landmark in disease prevention.

John Snow

Father of Epidemiology

Epidemiological Triangle

• a model that illustrates the relationship between three key factors in the occurrence of a disease: the agent, the host, and the environment

Industrialism

drives production and often harms nature

Biocentrism

values all living beings equally

Ecocentrism

prioritizes the balance of entire ecosystems

Anthropocentrism

human-centered worldview where nature is valued mainly for its usefulness to people — for food, health, comfort, or economic gain.

DOST

Department of Science and Technology — focuses on scientific research, innovation, and technological development in the country.

DTI

Department of Trade and Industry — promotes business growth, trade, investments, and consumer protection.

DENR

Department of Environment and Natural Resources — manages natural resources and enforces environmental protection policies.

DOH

Department of Health — responsible for public health services, disease prevention, and healthcare programs

RA 9275

Clean Water Act

PD 1586

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS system)

RA 8749

Clean Air Act

1970

First Earth day - started global awareness

2009

Climate Change Act (Year Published) Main law on climate policies.