D202: Section Two

Myelination

Process of insulating nerve cells, improving information processing speeds.

Oblivobesity

Lack of awareness about one's own obesity.

Average Age for Puberty

10 for girls and 12 for boys

early maturation in boys

favorable body image, higher popularity, earlier delinquency

early maturation in girls

-more self-conscious over developing body
-earlier sexual experiences, more unwanted pregnancies
-earlier exposure to alcohol and drug use

Menarche

the first menstrual period in girls

Primary Sex Characteristics

Sexual organs directly linked to reproduction, e.g., penis, testes, uterus, and ovaries.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical traits that develop during puberty, e.g., breasts, widening hips, and pubic hair.

Acne Cause

Result of overactive sebaceous (oil-producing) glands.

Creative Intelligence

Ability to generate new products, ideas, or novel solutions to problems. (Sternberg)

Analytical Intelligence

Involves analyzing, evaluating, judging, comparing, and contrasting. (Sternberg)

Practical Intelligence

Finding optimal fit between oneself and the environment through adaptation or shaping. (Sternberg)

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Learning Disability (LD)

Neurological disorder affecting brain function, unrelated to intelligence.

Dopamine and Oxytocin in Adolescent Brain

Dopamine peaks, involved in reward circuits; oxytocin facilitates bonding and social connections.

Formal Operational Thinking

Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly. No longer limited to the here and now, they can think hypothetically and imagine what might be. They can use symbols for symbols as in algebra. They can also imagine multiple possibilities and form and test hypotheses.

Abstract Reasoning

Thinking based on broad ideas rather than specific facts and experiences.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems

Transitivity

The ability to understand that relationships between two objects can extend to a third object.

Pseudostupidity

The tendency of young adolescents to interpret situations in more complex ways than called for

Personal Fable

Belief in the uniqueness of adolescent feelings and immortality.

Imaginary Audience

Psychological state where an individual imagines multitudes enthusiastically listening or watching them.

Bottom-Up Processing

Inductive reasoning based on specific observations to draw general conclusions.

Top-Down Processing

Deductive reasoning starting with overarching principle to propose specific conclusions.

intrinsic motivation

a person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner

Intuitive Thought

Automatic, unconscious, experiential, and emotional thought process.

Erikson's 4th Stage: Industry vs inferiority

productivity in work and play is emphasized and children of all cultures strive for compencncy; if children don't master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate they develop a sense of inferiority

Analytic Thought

Deliberate, conscious, and rational thought process.

Preconventional Morality

Self-centered sense of right and wrong focused on rewards and punishment.

Conventional Morality

Accepted sense of right and wrong without involvement of rewards or punishments.

Postconventional Morality

Sense of right and wrong considering the welfare of society as a whole.

Divorce Impact on Child's Development

Negative impact on forming intimate relationships, lower education, and occupational status.

parental gatekeeping

Parents directly intervene and choose/provide access to certain friends or relationships over others.

Anorexia Nervosa

Medical condition characterized by lack or loss of appetite for food.

Bulimia Nervosa

Emotional disorder characterized by distorted body image and obsessive desire to lose weight.

Binge Eating Disorder

Frequent consumption of unusually large amounts of food and inability to stop eating.

Self-Esteem

Perception and valuation of oneself based on one's personal opinions and beliefs.

Self-Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Identity-Diffusion

Lack of strong sense of self and not actively working on it.

Identity-Moratorium Status

Exploring to establish an identity without making a commitment.

Identity-Foreclosure

Committing to an identity without exploring options.

Identity Achievement

Settling on an identity after exploring multiple roles or options.

MAMA Cycling

Moving back and forth between moratorium and achievement in identity exploration.

Homophily

Tendency for peer group members to be similar in behavior and attitudes.

Rejected-Withdrawn Children

Shy, withdrawn, and unlikely to retaliate when bullied, making them more likely to be victims of bullies.

Rejected-Aggressive Children

Ostracized due to being loud, aggressive, and confrontational.

living arrangements in 21st century

There is an increase in children living with solo or cohabiting parents, mainly due to a decline in marriages and an increase in divorces.