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persona

personality originated from the Latin word ___, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas.

Personality

is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior

Traits

contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations.

Characteristics

are unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence.

Theory

is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.

Philosophy

love of wisdom, and philosophers who pursue wisdom through thinking and reasoning.

Epistemology

A branch of philosophy that deals with nature of knowledge

Speculation

They are closely tied to empirically gathered data and to science.

Science

is a branch of study concerned with the observation and classification of data

and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.

Hypothesis

is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method.

deductive reasoning

(going from the general to the specific), a scientific investigator can derive testable hypotheses from a useful theory and then test these hypotheses.

inductive reasoning

(going from the specific to the general), the investigator then alters the theory to reflect these results.

Taxonomy

is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.

Psychodynamic Perspective

• The approaches have focused on the importance of early childhood experiences and on relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development.

• this view sees the unconscious mind and motives as much more powerful than the conscious awareness.

Humanistic-Existential Perspective

• the approach is that people strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.

• States of positive emotion and happiness foster psychological health and prosocial behavior.

• Understanding these evolved positive aspects of human behavior provides just as much insight into human nature as does understanding the pathological aspects.

Dispositional Perspective

○ argues that the unique and long-term tendencies to behave in particular ways are

the essence of our personality.

○ These unique dispositions, such as extraversion or anxiety, are called traits. The field has converged on the understanding that there are five main trait dimensions in human personality.

Biological Evolutionary Perspective

• Behavior, thoughts, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems among individuals.

• stems from differences in their genotype and central nervous system (brain structures and neurochemistry).

Learning-(Social) Cognitive Perspective

• All behaviors are learned through association and/or its consequences (whether it is reinforced or punished).

• what personality we have is shaped by how we think and perceive the world.

It generates research, Is Falsiable, Organizes Data, Guides Action, Is Internally Consistent and Is Parsimonious

What Makes Theory Useful?

hysteria

Freud spent 4 months with Jean-Martin Charcot, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating ____, a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body.

Jean-Martin Charcot

Freud spent 4 months with ____, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria, a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body.

Josef Breuer

_____ taught Freud about catharsis, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”

catharsis

Josef Breuer taught Freud about ____, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”

Unconscious

all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.

repression

the unconscious is the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips of the

tongue, and certain kinds of forgetting, called ____.

suppression

Punishment and _____ often create feelings of anxiety, and the anxiety in turn

stimulates repression, that is, the forcing of unwanted, anxiety-ridden experiences into

the unconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety.

phylogenetic endowment

a portion of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition.

preconscious

The ____ level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.

Conscious

plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.

ID

the most primitive part of the mind

pleasure principle

its sole function is to seek pleasure, we say that the id serves the ____.

Ego

is the only region of the mind in contact with reality.

SuperEgo

represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego.

Trieb

Freud used the German word ___ to refer to a drive or a stimulus within a person.

libido

sex drive

primary narcissism

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively on

their own ego. This condition, which is universal, is known as ___.

secondary narcissism

During puberty, however, adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests. This pronounced ____ is not universal, but a moderate degree of self-love is common to nearly everyone

Sadism

_____ is the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.

Masochism

_____, like sadism, is a common need, but it becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive.

Anxiety

Freud (1933/1964) emphasized that it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.