AP Euro Themed Review: -ISMS

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to '-isms' in European history.

Humanism

Renaissance philosophy emphasizing the critical study of Latin and Greek literature to understand human nature, influencing education and praising individual achievement.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to or distrust of the Catholic clergy, popular before the Reformation, focusing on clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism.

Protestantism

Diverse range of Christian denominations rejecting the Catholic Church, originating with Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517.

Calvinism

Based on John Calvin's teachings; emphasized predestination and simplicity of worship, becoming a major force in Protestantism.

Absolutism

Political philosophy suggesting kings are God's representatives, demanding total allegiance from subjects, exemplified by Louis XIV.

Mercantilism

Economic system aimed at increasing state power, advocating large reserves of gold/silver and exports exceeding imports.

Westernization

Modernization based on the Western European model, often adopted by nations politically or technologically behind.

Constitutionalism

Government system limited by law, balancing authority and individual rights; includes constitutional monarchies and republics.

Republicanism

Government form without a monarch where power rests with the people through elected representatives.

Empiricism

Inductive reasoning theory advocating evidence acquisition through observation rather than speculation.

Cartesian Dualism

Rene Descartes' deductive reasoning theory positing reality is reducible to mind and matter.

Rationalism

Critical thinking approach that rejects acceptance of faith, emphasizing reason in understanding reality.

Enlightened Absolutism

Rule of 18th Century monarchs implementing Enlightenment ideas without surrendering absolute power.

Cameralism

Political view in Prussia advocating monarchy as the best government form, focusing on public good.

Economic Liberalism

Belief in free trade and competition, driven by Adam Smith's advocacy for free markets benefitting all.

Pietism

18th Century Protestant revival emphasizing emotional religion and the priesthood of all believers.

Jansenism

Sect of Catholicism emphasizing original sin and predestination, seeking a return to early Christian austerity.

Dechristianization

Campaign during the French Revolution to eliminate Christian practices and faith, also seen under Communist regimes.

Economic Nationalism

Philosophy claiming nations should protect and develop their economies, emphasizing infrastructure and tariffs.

Conservatism

Political movement countering Enlightenment ideas, favoring traditional institutions and balance of power.

Liberalism

Political movement advocating equality and liberty, demanding governmental representation and individual rights.

Nationalism

Idea that every people has distinct character, leading to desires for independent nation-states.

Jingoism

Extreme form of nationalism associated with imperialism, emphasizing cultural superiority.

Socialism

Movement advocating for cooperation, community, and greater government involvement in the economy.

Communism

Extreme socialism advocating for a classless society through the proletariat uprising against the bourgeoisie.

Romanticism

Art movement emphasizing emotion and imagination, reacting against classicism and Enlightenment.

Utilitarianism

Philosophy promoting social policies for the greatest good for the most people, linked to public health improvements.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories to human affairs, justifying imperialism and often leading to racist ideologies.

Realism

Literary movement depicting life accurately, emerging as a reaction against Romanticism.

Irredentism

Nationalist movement advocating for territories populated by one ethnicity but governed by another to be liberated.

Zionism

Movement for the creation of a Jewish state, partly in response to European nationalism and persecution.

Revanchism

Movement in France seeking to reclaim lost territories, particularly after the Franco-Prussian War.

Anarchism

Belief opposing the state and advocating for the natural development of humanity without government intervention.

Revisionism

Moderate socialists' effort to update Marxist doctrines, viewed as a betrayal by militant Marxists.

Imperialism

Domination of one nation by another, especially associated with empire-building during the late 19th century.

Orientalism

Western portrayal of non-Western cultures, often romanticized and stereotyped.

Militarism

Willingness to use violence for national aims, growing with new imperialism and contributing to the war.

War Communism

Bolshevik policy during the Russian Civil War, involved centralized economic control and state control of industry.

Nihilism

Philosophy denying traditional values and positing life as meaningless, emerging in the late 19th century.

Logical Positivism

Philosophy asserting meaning only in empirically provable beliefs, rejecting traditional philosophical concerns.

Existentialism

Philosophy emphasizing individual search for moral values in a meaningless world, associated with Sartre and Camus.

Modernism

Late 19th and early 20th Century movements characterized by radical artistic experimentation.

Functionalism

Architectural principle emphasizing that buildings should efficiently serve their intended purposes.

Dadaism

Art movement attacking accepted standards, embracing outrageous conduct and the idea that life is meaningless.

Totalitarianism

Radical dictatorship phenomenon making extensive claims on citizens' beliefs and behaviors.

Fascism

20th Century political movement characterized by extreme nationalism and militarism, associated with totalitarian regimes.

National Socialism

Fascist movement in Germany led by Hitler, blending nationalism and racism to justify governance and expansion.

Neoliberalism

1980s conservative philosophy advocating for reduced government spending and privatization, rooted in earlier liberalism.

Really Existing Socialism

Term for the socialist achievements claimed by Communist leaders in Eastern Bloc, contrasting public image and private dissatisfaction.

Multiculturalism

Mixing of different ethnic styles in culture, heavily impacting Europe post-decolonization.

Euroscepticism

Movement critical of the European Union's growing influence, associated with new nationalist populist parties.