Pathology module 6

an excretory system, where waste products are sent away from the body

urinary system

What are the parts of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

critical part of urinary system

kidneys

buildup of toxins in blood

uremia

how much urine does the body produce per day

2 liters

tubes connecting kidneys to bladder

ureters

produces urine

kidneys

temporarily stores urine

bladder

allows urine to be let out body

urethra

Which part is shorter in women, leading to bladder infections

urethra

physicians who treat disorders of the urinary tract

urologist

physicians who specialize in the kidneys

nephrologist

micturition

urinating

inability to control urination

incontinence

In women, weak pelvic muscles may lead to bladder leakage especially when coughing or sneezing

stress incontinence

getting up at night to urinate

nocturia

enlarged prostate is more common in who?

men

bed wetting

enuresis

any infection in the urinary tract

urinary tract infection

inflammation of the urethra

urethritis

inflammation of bladder

cystitis

Depending on the diagnosis, it is sometimes important to compare the amount of fluid that a person is drinking or getting through an IV and the amount of urine being produced.  This can give an indication of whether the kidneys are functioning properly

intake and output

A urine specimen is collected and sent to the lab for analysis.  The urine is checked for pH, blood, white blood cells, and other abnormalities.  One thing that is measured is the specific gravity

urinalysis

renal calculi

kidney stones

if a person is unable to urinate normally, they may require a

foley catheter

catheters increase risk of infection

true

painful or difficulty urinating

dysuria

hematuria

blood in urine

no urine output

anuria

very little urine

oliguria

kidneys are closer to the back surface than the front

true

function is to remove waste products from body processes

kidneys

artificial filtration of toxins from the blood when kidneys are unable to function

dialysis

word that refers to kidney

renal

bring blood to the kidneys

renal arteries

The renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys, where it circulates through tiny structures called

nephrons

filtration component in the kidneys

nephrons

sitting on top of your kidneys

adrenal glands

is secreted by the hypothalamus in the brain and causes the body to conserve water and release less fluid in urine. This hormone is released when the body is dehydrated

antidiuretic hormone

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and plays a role in regulating blood pressure. It causes the kidneys to excrete less sodium and water in urine, to keep blood pressure from getting too low

aldosterone

How much blood volume is filtered at any given time in the kidneys

20-25%

thin-walled capillaries inside the nephrons where filtration happens

glomerulus

blood enters the nephron through the 

afferent arteriole

blood leaves the nephron through the

efferent arteriole

the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole

true

blood in urine is normal

false

This inflammation takes place at the glomerulus and can cause damage to the nephrons. This type of kidney infection usually follows a strep infection such as strep throat

glomerulonephritis

the kidneys are too damaged to remove the toxins in the blood - urine production is much lower than normal. Dialysis must be started immediately to prevent death

renal failure

pus in urine

pyuria

Kidney infection causing pus in urine, infection of kidney and renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

causes many cysts to form inside of kidney and cause kidney damage

polycystic kidney

uses sound waves to break up kidney stones

lithotripsy

the blood is sent through tubes into a dialysis machine, where filters remove the toxins then the blood is returned to the person.  This takes approximately 3-4 hours and must be done about 3 times per week.

hemodialysis

Dialyzing fluid which includes water, salt, and other additives is put through a port (artificial opening) into the abdomen.  The peritoneal membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs works as a filter.  This can be done at night with an automated machine, or several times during the day.  This type of dialysis carries a high risk of infection since the area inside the abdomen is sterile and this procedure is done at home.  

peritoneal dialysis

secretes substances directly into the bloodstream

endocrine system

the endocrine system includes

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal gland

4 tiny glands in the back side of the thyroid

parathyroid

the male and female endocrine gland are the same except the ___ replace ovaries in males

testes

master gland

pituitary gland

produces hormones that give direction to other endocrine glands, found in brain

pituitary gland

Gonadotropins hormone

trigger egg and sperm production

stimulates the production of breast milk

prolactin

produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

posterior pituitary

produces growth, thyroid-stimulating, gonadotropins, and prolactin hormone

anterior pituitary

produces melatonin hormone, found in brain

pineal gland

gland in the neck below the Adam’s apple. When triggered, it uses iodine to produce thyroid hormone, which affects metabolic rate/how fast you break down food

thyroid gland

4 tiny glands in back side of thyroid that secrete the parathyroid hormone crucial to maintain calcium levels

parathyroid gland

gland that sits on top of kidneys and produces aldosterone, which affects sodium, potassium, and fluid balance

adrenal glands

produces insulin and glucagon

pancreas

releases estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

produces testosterone

testes

men have ovaries

false

too little Growth Hormone (GH) in children keeps them from growing normally. Treatment is growth hormone injections

pituitary dwarfism

too much Growth Hormone (GH) in children causes them to grow larger than normal with abnormal height, enlarged hands and feet, and problems with organ functioning. The most common cause is a pituitary tumor.  Treatment would be to remove the tumor

gigantism

occurs when too much Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted in an adult.  This is usually caused by a benign tumor near the pituitary. Since bones cannot grow any longer, they instead thicken. The skull/facial features become enlarged, and the forehead protrudes

acromegaly

gland associated with sleep disorders

pineal gland

produced in beta cells of pancreas

insulin

produced in alpha cells of pancreas

glucagon

inadequate amount of thyroid hormone

hypothyroidism

enlargement of the thyroid resulting from too little iodine in the diet

goiter

too much thyroid hormone

hyperthyroidism

most common type of hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

signs of bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, insomnia and nervousness

signs of hyperthyroidism

• this is seen in newborns and is referred to as "cretinism." There is no known risk factor and it occurs as a result of a defect in the thyroid. The infant usually has an enlarged abdomen, reduced activity, small stature, swollen eyelids, and swollen tongue.  If treatment with replacement hormone is started within about 10 days, the hormone levels will go back to normal and the prognosis for the baby is much better. 

congenital hypothyroidism

inadequate secretion of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

addisons disease

adrenal gland disorder where too much cortisol is produced

cushings syndrome

gland associated with calcium problems

parathyroid gland

caused by problems with the beta cells in the pancreas which causes hyperglycemia

diabetes

hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

when blood glucose is high, the body releases __ into the blood stream to store the excess glucose as glycogen

insulin

when blood glucose is low, the body releases __ into the bloodstream to break down the stored glycogen and release extra glucose into the bloodstream

glucagon

type of diabetes where immune system destroys beta cells and insulin can’t be produced

type I diabetes

type of diabetes where the receptor cells for insulin in the liver, fat, and muscle cells are resistant and no longer function. The pancreas has to make more insulin until it can no longer make enough

type II diabetes

diabetes where insulin resistance develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth

gestational diabetes

coma caused by very high blood sugar

diabetic coma

shock occurring when too much insulin is given, not enough food is eaten, or excessive exercise uses up the food too quickly

insulin shock

hyperglycemia damages

blood vessels

the retina is the inside of the eyeball where light is interpreted.  Blood vessels here may become fragile and produce tiny hemorrhages, affecting vision and even possible blindness

diabetic retinopathy

damage to blood vessels supplying nerve causes loss of sensation, especially in the hands and feet.  This can lead to injury, infections, and even amputations

neuropathy

damages the tiny blood vessels of the kidney nephrons, producing kidney damage.

nephropathy