APUSH PERIOD ONE PRINCETON REVIEW

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pre-columbian era

era before columbus arrived in new world

Bering Strait

the land bridge that let people from asia cross into America

maize

staple crop in southern america, spread up the americas

Pueblo people

had multi story stone houses with hundreds of rooms, lived in southwest desert.

Chinook People

lived in pacific northwest, lived by hunting and gathering

Plains tribes

nomadic, hunter gatherers

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, food, diseases, and ideas between Spanish and Natives

conquistadors

spanish conquerors looking for wealth in America

encomienda system

colonists were expected to “protect” natives, natives were expected to give forced labor

racial caste system

Spanish hierarchy system based on race

europeans

top of caste system

mestizos

middle of caste system, mixed between white and native.

Zambos

mixed native and african, below mestizos on caste system

Africans

lowest on caste system

smallpox

disease that killed 95% of natives

sextant

navigational device that made sailing across the Atlantic more convenient

joint-stock companies

made of shareholders who want to develop land in North America

Virginia Company

joint stock company that settled Jamestown

Juan de Sepulveda

philosopher/thinker who advocated for harsh treatment of Natives

Bartolome de Las Casas

philosopher/thinker who advocated for peace and fairness for Natives

Spanish Mission System

system to convert Natives to Catholicism

Juan de Onate

spanish conquistador, in charge of a mission in Sante Fe.

voodoo

a religion that’s a blend of Christianity and african tribal animism.

Maroon People/Towns

escaped slavery and lived in their own communities

Sir Walter Raleigh

sponsored the Roanoke colony

Roanoke Colony

lost colony that was abandoned with the words “Croatoan”

Jamestown

English colony ,founded in 1607, in Virginia by the Virginia company

Captain John Smith

leader of the Jamestown colony, “he who does not work shall not eat”

Powhatan Confederacy

group of Natives lead by chief Powhatan

The starving time

90% of Jamestown population dies, food shortage, cannibalism

John Rolfe

Marries Pocahontas and pioneers growing tobacco

Chesapeake

entire area around Jamestown (modern Virginia and Maryland)

indentured servitude

person was given free trip to america and free land after 7 years service period. Half of these died.

headright system

50 acres given to settlers

Edict of Nantes

decree of religious tolerance in France, decreasing French exploration of America

wars of extermination

England vs Natives, goal to wipe out Natives

Puritan Separatists

believes church of england is beyond saving and moves to America for fresh start

mayflower

the ship the puritans took to america

Plymouth

founded by puritans who were on the mayflower

William Bradford

leader of pilgrims/puritans on mayflower

Mayflower compact

legal government voted on by white men on board mayflower. Consensual government.

Massachusetts Bay

established in 1629, begins great puritan migration

congregationalists

puritans who want to reform anglican church from within

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts bay. city on a hill, covenant with God.

Roger Williams

believes church and state should be separate and natives should be treated fairly. Banished and founds Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson

believed faith and grace was enough to get to heaven, got banished from massachusetts bay.

Oliver Cromwell

ruled as Lord Protector of England

English Civil Wars

royalists vs parliamentarians, puritans won

interregnum

between kings, puritans had no motive to move to America

Life in New England

more religious, lived longer, larger families, larger towns closer to one another, small farms with less land/labor

life in Chesapeake

larger farms. more labor, smaller spread out towns, lower life expectancy, mostly single men (less families), more enslaved Africans here