ap euro final key terms

its one star bc dumb elisa rated it that grrrr

Black Death

A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change.

flagellants

People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.

Hundred Years' War

A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.

Great Schism

The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.

Jacquerie

A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.

English Peasants' Revolt

Revolt by English peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions.

Canterbury Tales

Like Divine Comedy, it also represents the switch from Medieval to the Renaissance era and the cultural tension. (by chaucer)

Divine Comedy

Divine Comedy shows the Christian afterlife (Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven) but written in a language that connects to the renaissance. (by dante)

Vernacular

Local language spoken in different parts of a region or country (dialect).

Agincourt

A battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army on October 26, 1415

Avignon

A place in south-eastern France where King Philip pressured the new pope to relocate to Avignon to control the church.

Renaissance

A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries.

patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.

communes

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles.

popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.

signori

Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers.

courts

Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts.

humanism

A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.

virtù

The quality of being able to shape the world

according to one's own will.

Christian humanists

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their

own religious traditions.

anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy.

indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Protestant

The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against

Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

predestination

The teaching that God has determined the

salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or

works.

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France

from total collapse.

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

conquistador

spanish for "conqueror"; spanish soldier explorers, such as Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who sough to conquer the New world for the Spanish crown

caravel

a small, maneuverable 3 mast sailing shit developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave a distinct advantage in exploration & trade

ptolemys georgraphy

a 2nd century CE work that synthesized the classical knowledge of georgraphy and introduced the concepts of longitude + latitude. reintroduced to europeans about 1410 by arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps

treaty of tordesillas

the 1494 agreement giving spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the atlantic and giving portugal everything to the east

viceroyalties

the name for the 4 administrative units of spanish posessions in americas: new spain, peru, new granda, la plata

encomienda system

a system whereby the spanish crown granted the conquerers the right to for providing food, shelter, and christian teachings

columbian Exchange

the exchange of animals, plants and diseases between the old and the new worlds

peace of westphalia

the name of a series of treaties that concluded the thirty years was in 1648 and marked the end of large scale religious violence in europe

fronde

a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

mercantilism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nations international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver

peace of utrecht

a series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715 that ended the war of the spanish succession ended french expansion in europe, and marketed the rise of the british empire

junkers

the nobility of brandenburg and prussia, they were reluctant allies of fredrick william in his consolidation of the prussian state

boyars

the highest ranking members of russian nobility

cossack

free groups and at law armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the border of Prussian territory from the fourteenth century onward. by the end of the sixteenth century, they and formed an alliance with the russian state

constitutionalism

a form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, one hand the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens on the other hand, could include constitutional monarchs/republics

republicanism

a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representations

puritans

members of a sixteenth and seventeenth century reform movement within the church in england that advocated purifying of roman catholic elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonials and wedding rings

test act

legislation passed by the english parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the anglican church by stripping puritans , catholics, and other dissenters of right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities

protectorate

the english military dictorship (1653-1658_ established by oliver cromwell following the execution of charles I

stadholder

the executive officer in each of the united provinces of the netherlands , a position often held by the princes of orange

natural philosophy

early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today

Copernicus hypothesis

the idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

experimental method

the approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

Empiricism

a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

cartesian dualism

descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

rationalism

a secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment.

salon

Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

rococo

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.

charivari

degarding public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

debt peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

guild system

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

cottage industry

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a

market.

putting-out system

The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

enclosure

The movement to fence in fields in order to

farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

illegitimacy explosion

the sharp increase in out of wedlock births that occured in europe between 1750-1850, caused by low wages and breakdown of community controls

wet nursing

a widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century where women were paid to breast feed other women's babies

consumer revolution

the wide ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of north western europe in the 2nd half of the 18th century

pietism

protestant revival movement in early 18th century germany + scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of christian rebirth in everyday affairs

methodists

members of a protestant revival movement started by John wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

jansenism

sect of catholicism originating with cornelius jansen that emphasized heavy weight of original sin + accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by popes

estates general

a legislative body in pre revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.

estates

the three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

national assembly

the first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791.

great fear

the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.

jacobin club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

sans-culottes

the laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.

reign of terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.

thermidorian reaction

a reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

napoleonic code

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.

grand empire

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.

continental System

a blockade imposed by napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military.

spinning jenny

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.

water frame

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill— ​a factory.

steam engines

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

tariff protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its

own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

Factory Acts

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.

separate spheres

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.

Mines Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

class-consciousness

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later,

smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Combination Acts

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.