Philosophy Unit 1

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1

philosophy

the love of wisdom

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The main categories of philosophy

epistemology, metaphysics, ethics

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epistemology

the study of knowledge and what we know

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metaphysics

the study of reality and what is considered real

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ethics

the study of morality and what is right/wrong

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Socrates

teacher of Plato, the father of Western Philosophy, "Dialogue With Crito"

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Plato

teacher of Aristotle, godfather of Philosophy, "Myth of the Cave", "World of Forms"

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Aristotle

the unmoved mover, huge influence on later Philosophy and Theology

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The main lesson in "Dialogue With Crito"

justice above all else

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs reveals that...

becoming self-actualized is a process

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Buddhism's view of the enduring self

no self as the enduring self

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The 4 Noble Truths of Buddhism

  1. All life is suffering

  2. Suffering is caused by cravings

  3. Getting rid of cravings leads to enlightenment

  4. The path to enlightenment is the Eightfold Path

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The 4 things we are taught about Philosophy from Plato's Myth of The Cave

  1. Activity

  2. Hardwork

  3. The Goal is Freedom

  4. Examines our presuppositions

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acedia

sloth

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avarice

greed

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vainglory

pride

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The Seven Deadly Sins

  1. Lust

  2. Avarice

  3. Vainglory

  4. Acedia

  5. Gluttony

  6. Wrath

  7. Envy

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Enlightenment is tied to...

metaphysics and epistemology connect us to how we understand and engage with the world

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Sigmund Freud believed that humans are...

aggressive, selfish, not gentle

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Psychological egoism

the idea that humans act in their own self interest

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Aristotle's view of happiness

our intellect is the highest good and leads us to true happiness

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Human nature is...

closely related to the duality of personhood and life after death

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Four assumptions if you presume life after death

  1. We each have a "self"

  2. The "self" is distinct from the body

  3. The "self" endures and remains the same through time

  4. The "self" is individual and distinct from others

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Why is human nature important to understand?

Understanding humanity is one of the focal points of philosophy and religion

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3 Major Views of Human Nature

  1. Traditional Rationalistic View

  2. Judeo-Christian View

  3. Darwinian View/ Challenge

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Traditional Rationalistic View

dualism; Plato: reason, appetite, aggression; intellect is the highest good

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dualism

the idea that humans have an immaterial/immortal soul and a material body

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inner-self

Greek psyche

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Reason, appetite, and aggression relate to...

  1. knowledge

  2. wealth

  3. power

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Aristotle emphasized...

human purpose; to be happy, you must fulfill your purpose

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Aristotle differed from Plato in that...

  • Aristotle believed that reason is what separates humans from other creatures. - Plato believed that knowledge of the next world separates humans from other creatures.

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Both Plato and Aristotle...

focus on reason as the most important (reason is the highest good)

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Passions

self mastery over ______ is of great importance in order to fulfill human purpose

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Judeo-Christian View

love, Augustine, original sin, humans are unique and rational beings

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love

the main aspect of the Judeo-Christian View

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original sin

a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam

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Because of original sin...

humans cannot choose good over evil without the help of God

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Augustine

had a huge influence on Western Philosophy and Theology, related to the Judeo-Christian View

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Darwinian View

focuses on natural selection, formed by Charles Darwin

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Charles Darwin

the father of evolutionary theory and natural selection

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human uniqueness is...

challenged by the Darwinian View

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punctuated equilibrium

a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change (Gould)

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theism

belief in a personal God

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deism

belief in an absent God

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pantheism

everything is God

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panentheism

God is in everything but is greater than everything

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monotheism

belief in a single God

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polytheism

belief in multiple gods

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henotheism

belief in multiple gods with one chief God

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Existentialism

focuses on the existence of the individual, we become who we are and who we want to be, we are in control of our own lives

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Jean Paul Sarte

atheist existentialist, "we are free and can choose to be so", coined "bad faith"

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bad faith

pretending we are spectators in events and not able to change them or make choices

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reason

male according to Plato

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emotion

female according to Plato

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Aristotle

said that reason is only fully developed in males, so women and children should obey men

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modernism

objective, relies heavily on the empirical-rational method for truth claims, based in enlightenment

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postmodernism

subjective, narrative-based, relies on the experience of an individual or community, allows for the supernatural

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consciousness

the hard problem

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Mind-Body Problem

we have a material brain and seemingly have a conscious, but how can we have both a material and an immaterial self?

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Descartes

suggested the pineal gland as the source of Dualism

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Leibinz

suggested that the brain and mind run parallel like clocks, independent but seemingly related

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Materialism

matter matters, everything in the mind-brain problem is explained by the material world, reductionism

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reductionism

reducing the explanation to the most natural explanation

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identity theory

brain and mind are directly connected, emergence

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emergence

the mind emerges from a material body

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behaviorism

we are what we do, our behavior explains what is going on mentally

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functionalism

our brain functions as a series of inputs and outputs, sensory inputs=behavioral outputs

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Turing Test

determines whether or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being

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Alan Turing

English computer scientist

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Semantic Viewpoints

  1. eliminative materialism

  2. new dualism

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eliminative materialism

we only think that we feel things, basically materialism but tries to explain away why we think we have consciousness

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new dualism

property dualism, conscious experience involves properties of an individual that are not entailed by the physical properties of that individual

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The Enduring Self

  1. Soul

  2. Memory

  3. No self

  • a way to discuss who we are over time, our core essence

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Soul

enduring self, an immaterial part of you that lives on

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Memory

enduring self, the self is the same because we have memories of the person we were and continue to be

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No Self

enduring self, we do not have a self that endures

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David Hume

believed that only what we perceive exists

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The atomistic self

Descartes: the self is known apart from others Kant: the self has the ability to choose moral principles

  • The belief that everything is made up of atoms

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the relational self

we are known in relation to others, we know ourselves by how others define us

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Power and Hegel's View

we force respect from others, create a master-slave relationship, and ultimately realize that the slaves have power over the masters

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Culture and self-identity

our culture helps to define our identity

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Robert Nozick's idea of reality

for something to be real, it needs value, meaning, importance, and weight

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Pragmatism

William James, go with what works and what is practical

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logical positivism

focuses on language and meaning, language describes reality, language describes reality

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antirealism

no "real" objective world, the world is created by our perceptions of what is real

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phenomenology

the study of lived experiences, reality must be revealed to our conscience, being is the underlying reality that appears

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existentialism

"find self-definition in the passionate commitment to action", existence precedes essence - Sarte

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eastern materialism

Charvaka Philosophers, sense perception tells us about the world, not inductive or deductive

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western materialism

  • Democritus: universe is made up of atoms, including reason and the soul

  • Scientific method, Thomas Hobbes: there is only measurable matter in the universe

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idealism

universe is made up of mind and idea, not matter, matter doesn't matter

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western idealism

  • Plato's World of Forms

  • Augustine: the spiritual world enduress

  • George Berkeley: subjective idealism, objective idealism

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subjective idealism

the world is dependent on the mind of the individual

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objective idealism

reality is dependent on a supreme being

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eastern idealism

  • Vasubandu

  • since everything is perceived by our senses, we can't show that external objects cause these sensations

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Pragmatism

the idea that what is meaningful to us is real, practical; major thinkers are Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey

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Pragmatic method

a way to discover what our ideas mean by studying their consequences in actual experience

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William James

defines pragmatism as the attitude of looking away from first things... and looking towards last things

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William James

"we determine whether an object is real by its relation to our emotional and active life" - ?

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logical positivism

a response to the argument between idealism and materialism, says that idealism and materialism don't look closely enough at the language they use, a blend between idealism and materialism

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Alfred Ayer

argued that there are only two types of meaningful statements, tautologies and statements of fact; said that if a statement it neither, then it is meaningless

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