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the Medici
used the wealth gained from banking to establish themselves first as the behind-the-scenes rulers of the Florentine republic and later as hereditary dukes of the city
George Vasari
a 16th century painter, architect, and writer believed that their achievements owed nothing to the backwardness of the Middle Ages and instead were directly linked to the glories of the Greek and Roman world.
Francesco Petrarch
he thought was the culoften considered father of humanism. became dissatisfied with his career as a lawyer and set about to study literacy classics. coined the phrase “Dark Ages”
Pico Della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man
positive Platonic view of human potential
Castiglione’s The Courtier
the ideal person would be a man who knew several languages, was familiar with classical literature, and who was skilled in arts. “Renaissance Man”
Lorenzo Valla
he realized that languages can tell a history of their own. proves (1440) that the Domation of Constantine.
Leonardo Bruni
create an educational program for women. left out: study of rhetoric of public speech, critical parts if the male education
Christine de Pisan
daughter of French King Charles V, recieved a fine humanist education. wrote City of Ladies (1405) to counter that women were inferior and incapable of making moral choices.
Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa
a Renaissance man, military engineer, an architect, a sculptor, a scientist, and an inventor whose sketchbooks reveal a remarkable mind that came up with designs for submarines and helicopters.
Michelangelo, David and the Sistine Chapel
sculptural masterpiece David commissioned by his native city Florence (propaganda). Four different popes commissioned his work
Julius II
employed Michelangelo to work on the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
greatest northern humanist. used satire as a means of coitizing problems of the church Erasmus wanted to reform the church, not. does not believe a man does not have free will
Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press
printing press: invented in mid 15th century allowed cultural trends to spread to other parts of Europe, which resulted in the creation of the Northern renaissance movement
Martin Luther, 95 Theses
central figure. struggles against Catholic Church. debate over selling indulgences
Sir Thomas More, Utopia
northern humanist critical aspects of contemporary society and sought to depict a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common.
Albrecht Durer
brilliant draftsman, whose woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution. the illiterate peasants were moved more by Durer’s art than by Luther’s texts
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
14th century with cultural works . revealed some of the satiric edge with literate society now greeted clergymen.
Boccaccio, The Decameron
14th century with cultural works . revealed some of the satiric edge with literate society now greeted clergymen.
William Shakespeare
significant writer. little known about his life, little primary school education, authored plays: Hamlet and King Lear, works that reveal an unsurpassed understanding of the human psyche as well as a genius for dramatic intensity.
Christopher Marlowe
writer with significant repute. same ae as William Shakespeare
John Wycliffe
questioned the wordily wealth of the church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teachings of penance and, in a forestate of the ideas of Luther, the selling of indulges
Jan Hus
led a revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements. argued that it was the authority of the Bible and not the institutional church that ultimately mattered
Johann Tetzel
a Dominican friar was sent to preach the indulgence throughout Germany with the famous phrase “As soon as gold in the basin rings, right them the soul to heaven springs.”
Albert of Hohenzollern
held two bishoprics, was offered the Archbishop of Mainz
Pope Leo X
time during Luther. uninterested. issued a papa; bull (an official decree) that demanded that Luther recant the ideas found in his writings or to be burnt as a heretic. excommunicated Luther
John Eck
a prominent theologian who challenged Luther. debated against him in Wittenberg
Frederick the Elector of Saxony
sympathetic to Luther and wanted a public hearing
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
caught in a struggle with the French King Francis I to see who would sit on the imperial throne. ruler of multinational empire
Ulrich Zwingli
teaching began to make an impact on the residents of the Swiss city of Zurich
John Calvin
born in France, although he eventually settled in Geneva, Switzerland. grace was bestowed on relatively few individuals, and the rest consigned to the hell.
Henry VIII, Defense of the Seven Sacraments
the powerful English monarch, was supportive of the Catholic Church. never comfortable with Protestant theology. did not believe in salvation by faith and saw no need to limit the role of the priest.
Catherine of Aragon
married to King Henry VIII. first wife. failed to produce a male heir
Anne Boleyn
refused to sleep with King Henry VIII unless she was queen
Elizabeth Tudor
daughter of Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIII’s daughter. final religious settlement was worked out, one in which the Church of England followed a middle-of-the-road Protestant course.
Jane Seymour
third wife of Kin Henry VIII. provided a son, Edward
Edward VI
saw an attempt to institute genuine Protestant theology into the church Henry had created
Mary Tudor, “Bloody Mary”
daughter of Catherine of Aragon and wife of the fanatically Catholic Phillip II of Spain, there was an attempt to bring England back into the orbit of the Catholic Church. allowed several hundred Englishmen to be burned at the stake
Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises
a Spanish noble who was wounded in battle and spent his recuperation time reading various Catholic tracts
Prince Henry the Navigator
a younger son of the King of Portugal, participated in the capture of the North African port of Ceuta from Muslims.
Bartholomew Dias
sailed around the Cape of Good Hope the tip of Africa
Vasco de Gama
reached the coast of India
Christopher Columbus
a Genoese sailor, set sail on August 2, 1492, certian that he would find the eastern route
Hernan Cortes
1519 landed on the coast of Mexico with a small force of 600 men. arrived at the Aztec Empire. declared Aztec empire New Spain
Ferdinand Magellan
1519 who set out to circumnavigate the globe
Francisco Pizarro
spanish soldier. 1531 set out for Peru. followed Cortes. captured Inca empire
Ludovico il Moro
Ludovico Maria Sforza, was Duke of Milan from 1494, following the death of his nephew Gian Galeazzo Sforza, until 1499. A member of the Sforza family, he was the fourth son of Francesco I Sforza.
Charles VIII
Charles VIII, called the Affable, French: l'Affable, was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498, the seventh from the House of Valois. He succeeded his father Louis XI at the age of 13.
Savonrola
Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor.
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince
The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. From correspondence a version appears to have been distributed in 1513, using a Latin title, De Principatibus.
Henry VII
Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
Queen Elizabeth
ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne.
Ferdinand, King of Aragon
Ferdinand II, called the Catholic, was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death. His marriage in 1469 to Isabella, the future queen of Castile, was the marital and political "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy."
Isabella, Queen of Castille
Isabella I reigned as Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death. Her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon became the basis for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles I.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Philip (son of Charles V)
Philip II was King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan. From 1555 he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.
El Greco
Doménikos Theotokópoulos, most widely known as El Greco, was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.
Cervantes, Don Quixote
The Ingenious Nobleman Sir Quixote of La Mancha, or just Don Quixote, is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, Don Quixote is the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon.
Frederick III
(r. 1688-1713) "the Ostentatious"- weak of body/mind and he imitated the style of Louis XIV by building an expensive palace/cultivating the arts-
Elector of the Palatinate
Frederick IV was the Elector Palatine,
the Calvinist ruler of the Palatine,
assumed the leadership in forming a league of German protestant states called the Protestant Union.
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Hired by H.R.E. to crush the opposition. Things did not end well for him... Did a great job but was fired, than rehired then killed.
Gustavus Adolphus
Really epic Swedish king who fought Wallenstein. Gets killed and afterwards Sweden is... No longer that important for the rest of the year.
Cardinal Richelieu
defeated Huguenots and took away many of the military and political privileges granted them by the Edict of Nantes. brought France into the 30 year war.
Catherine de Medici
queen regent for son Charles IX. Tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics, worked with both sides. Actions led to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Admiral Coligny
Worked closely with Conde to further Huguenot power in France. Allied with Catherine de Medici. After the death of Conde, Coligny became the Huguenot leader. Used his position of influence to win the king of France over to a planned French invasion of the Netherlands in support of Dutch Protestants. Killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Prince of Conde
A Protestant leader of France, Bourbon family, involved in the Conspiracy of Amboise,
Henry of Navarre
Bourbon Huguenot, succeeded French throne after Henry III. Charming politique, converted to Catholicism for political reasons
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