OCR History B Migrants to Britain 1

Why were medieval Jews Moneylenders?

Jews became moneylenders as Christians were not allowed to charge interest when lending money

Blood Libel

A superstition that the Jews would cut Christian children and take their blood for rituals

Henry III

Taxed Jews heavily which made them demand money back that they had loaned.

Lincoln Blood Libel 1255

A Jew was blamed for the death of a 9 yr old boy, lead to arrest of 93 Jews and hanging of 18 Jews

Statute of Jewry 1275

Jews not allowed to collect interest on loans, people didn't have to pay back loans, Jews had to wear larges yellow badges, Jews could only live in selected towns and could now buy land and become farmers.

When were the Jews expelled from England?

In 1290 Jews expelled from England by Edward I

How did the Black Death affect migration?

After the Black Death England needed foreign workers

Why did Italian bankers come to England?

They found loopholes to lend money from the 1260s. Our words "credit" and "debit" come from the Italian for "to lend" and "to owe"

What are letters of denization?

From 1370s, the King gave some migrants the same rights and protection as any English person

What was the the "Aliens' Subsidy"?

Introduced in 1440, tax on all foreign-born residents if they had no letter of denization.

What happened in 1381 to migrants?

The peasant's revolt. 150 migrants were murdered by the rebels when they reached London.

How did peasants work out who was a migrant in the Peasants Revolt?

They asked people to say 'bread and cheese' to every person they caught - they would then be able to hear foreign accents.

Name a group of migrants living in England in Medieval Times.

Dutch, Flemish, French, Italian, Jewish

Experiences of Irish Navvies?

Hard to find work

Hard to find a home

Prejudice and discrimination

They were often thought to be violent

Often stereotyped as drunk or as criminals.

Commonwealth Migrants

Migrants coming from the Commonwealth, which are countries which used to be in the British Empire.

Why did Commonwealth Migrants come to England?

Lack of work in their country

Low Income in their country

Great work opportunities in Britain

Higher wages in Britain

British government encouraged migration

Many people saw Britain as the mother country.

Companies like TFL actually advertised jobs in West Indies.

What are the dates for Early Modern Migration?

1500-1750

Why did people migrate to Britain in the Early Modern period?

Migration from Europe:

seeking work

better wages

fleeing religious persecution - French Huguenots.

Wider World:

they were freed as slaves by the British

they came to work in the court of the British Monarchy

impact of the European reformation

Trade

Impact of Commonwealth migrants

Impact on the economy

growth of immigrant communities in England

Increased racism and race relations laws to be passed

changing attitudes towards migrants

impact on culture (music, food, art, fashion, entertainment, religion, sport)

What do we mean when we say that the Industrial Revolution changed communication?

changes in transport - shipping and railways

air travel in the 1900s.

printing, telegraph, telephone, radio, tv, computers, internet have increased migration.

Important Factors affecting migration

Britain increasing connections with the world (trade and empire)

government policies allowing or banning migration of groups

changing attitudes towards migration.

What are official responses?

These are responses from the government.

What are unofficial responses?

These are responses from people.

Are unofficial responses always bad?

No as this lead to many migrants became rich during the industrial period, integrating migrants into society, them becoming famous and impacting British culture

negative experiences during the industrial period

the economic struggles of many migrants; the poverty of some migrant communities, cultural tensions; the lack of integration into British society; the prejudice and discrimination experienced by migrants.

industrial period

1750-1900

Who were the Huguenots?

French Protestants

Why did the Minet family leave France?

Persecution of Huguenots by Louis XIV

When did the Huguenots first arrive in England?

Middle of the sixteenth century

Why were the Huguenots welcomed by King Edward VI?

They were Protestant refugees

How many Huguenots fled to England after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes?

Around 50,000

What skills did the Huguenots bring with them to England?

Weaving, silk-making, and other industries

What did King Charles II offer to Huguenots?

Denizen status in England. (English citizenship)

What did Huguenots do in England?

Created Huguenot churches and businesses, transformed England's silk industry, produced various goods such as sailcloth, tapestries, furniture, glass, leather, paper, clocks, and steel.

What did Huguenots make?

Uniforms for the East India Company and Paper for the newly created Bank of England.

What percentage of the financial backing for the Bank of England came from wealthy Huguenots?

Ten percent.

What evidence of occasional hostility towards the Huguenots have historians found?

Complaints from London's clockmakers in 1631 and a riot in Spitalfields in the late seventeenth century.

When did the government give Huguenots the same legal rights as people born in England?

1708.

How were Huguenots viewed by some people in England?

As wealthy individuals who kept themselves apart from the English and other migrants.

What is depicted in William Hogarth's engraving of Huguenots leaving the French church in Soho in 1738?

Hogarth's engraving is open to interpretation, but some say he is being negative about the crude habits of poorer Londoners compared with the well-dressed French immigrants.

Who were the Huguenots?

French Protestants who fled religious persecution.

How did the Huguenots integrate into English society?

They anglicised their names and married into English families.

What is the estimated percentage of London's population with Huguenot ancestry?

As many as a quarter.

What is the perception of the Huguenots compared to the British?

Some say they were pretentious compared to the simple honesty of the British.

Who were the Poor Palatines?

German migrants who arrived in London in 1709.

Where did the Poor Palatines camp in London?

Blackheath and Camberwell.

Why did the Palatines migrate to England?

Religious persecution, warfare, and bad harvests.

What was the Carolina Company?

A British-owned company that advertised in Germany for people to settle in America.

What did the pamphlets distributed by the Carolina Company portray?

Carolina as 'a promised land' where people could live in peace and prosperity.

What did most of the Palatines want to do after arriving in England?

Travel on to America.

Why did the Palatines want to migrate to America?

To live in peace and prosperity with the help of money and land given by the British government.

How many Palatines arrived in London in 1709?

13,000.

Where did some Palatines find lodgings in London?

In the poorer parts of the city.

Where did the Palatines who didn't find lodgings end up?

In the refugee camps at Blackheath and Camberwell.

What was the occupation of most Palatines?

Poor peasants who worked on the land.

What was the economic situation in Britain when the Palatines arrived?

The harvest was bad, food prices were high, and the war against Spain was pushing up taxes.

Why were the Poor Palatines stuck in Britain?

Queen Anne's government was no longer willing to fund migration to America.

What was the majority religion of the Palatines?

Protestantism.

Did all Palatines come from the Palatine region of Germany?

No, some came from different regions and spoke different dialects.

Were all Palatines skilled workers?

No, most were poor peasants who worked on the land.

Did the Palatines face disappointments and difficulties in England?

Yes.

What was the equivalent of 13,000 Palatines arriving in London in 1709 in today's population?

Around 200,000 migrants from one place suddenly arriving in London today.

How were the Palatines initially received?

Fairly kindly

Why did attitudes towards the Palatines change?

Discovery of Catholic refugees

What did the government do with the Catholic Palatines?

Sent them home

What did the government do with the remaining Palatines?

Tried to disperse them around the country

How were the Palatines viewed by some people?

As vagrants and a menace

What happened to some Palatines in Kent?

They were stoned by a mob

How many Palatines were granted passage to America?

3,000

How many Palatines died on the voyage to America?

500

What was life like for the Palatines who survived and settled in America?

Not what they had hoped for

What was the radical solution the government came up with for the Palatines who remained in Britain?

Deportation to Ireland

How many Palatines left London for Ireland?

5,000

What was the settlement in Ireland like for the Palatines?

A disaster

What did the new government in 1709 do?

Banned further German migrants from coming to Britain

What happened to the Palatines who remained in the camps?

Gradually dispersed

How did the experience of the Palatine migrants in 1709 differ from that of the Huguenots?

Very different

What was the relief fund raised for the Palatines?

£20,000

What kind of work were most of the Palatine refugees used to?

Working in vineyards

How were some Palatines able to find employment?

As skilled workers

Who was John Blanke?

King Henry VIII's African trumpeter.

What are parish registers?

Records of baptisms, marriages, and burials in each parish.

What did the parish register from St Botolph in London record?

Fifteen people described as 'blackamoore' or 'moore'.

What does the term 'blackamoore' or 'moore' indicate?

That the person was African.

What were some of the occupations of the Black people recorded in the parish register?

Silk weaver, basket-maker, Black trumpeter.

What does historian Miranda Kaufmann suggest about the acceptance of Black people in England?

They were accepted members of communities.

Where else did Kaufmann find records of Africans in England?

Tax returns, court records, letters, diaries, and wills.

How were Africans paid for their work?

In the same mix of wage, reward, and gifts in kind as others.

Did Africans inter-marry with the local population?

Yes.

What happened in 1596 that threatened the position of Africans in England?

A German merchant wanted Queen Elizabeth I to give him Africans in return for rescuing English prisoners of war held in Spain.

Were Africans seen as commodities that could be traded?

Yes.

Did Africans continue to live and work in England throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Yes.

What was the purpose of parish registers?

To record baptisms, marriages, and burials in each parish.

Who ordered the keeping of parish registers?

Henry VIII.

What did parish registers record?

Baptisms, marriages, and burials of people in each parish.

What did the German merchant want from Queen Elizabeth I?

Africans in return for rescuing English prisoners of war held in Spain.

Were his plans accepted?

No.

What does the term 'commodities' mean?

Goods that can be bought and sold.

What did the German merchant's plan show about the perception of Africans in England?

They were seen as commodities that could be traded.

What was the plan to make money?

Selling Africans into slavery