Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA
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