HIST202 United States History After 1865 - Mid-Term Exam Review

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts for the HIST202 Mid-Term Exam, based on the lecture notes provided.

Reconstruction

The period following the Civil War during which the United States sought to reintegrate the Southern states into the Union and redefine African American rights. 1856-1877

13th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

An amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

An amendment that granted African American men the right to vote, prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude'.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency established in 1865 to aid freed slaves in the South during the Reconstruction era.

Industrial Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of capital goods, and the investment of resources for profit in manufacturing and industrial enterprises.

Laissez-faire economics

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Scientific Management

A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born whites or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Progressivism

A movement aimed at addressing social issues and transforming American society through reform.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Prohibition

A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933.

Sedition Acts

Laws passed during World War I that made it a crime to criticize the government or the war effort.

The New Negro Movement

A cultural movement that emerged in the 1920s among African Americans that promoted a renewed sense of racial pride and cultural identity. The renaissance emerged and jazz music spurred artistic expression and community engagement.

Wilsonian Internationalism

The philosophy associated with President Woodrow Wilson advocating for international cooperation and the establishment of a League of Nations to promote peace.

Freedmen

Former enslaved individuals who were emancipated after the Civil War, gaining rights and opportunities in society.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Legislation that granted citizenship and equal rights to all persons born in the United States, including African Americans, and aimed to protect their civil rights.

Presidential Reconstruction

The period following the Civil War during which President Andrew Johnson attempted to reintegrate the Southern states into the Union and define the status of formerly enslaved individuals.

White leagues

groups formed in the South during Reconstruction to oppose Republican policies and assert white supremacy.

Colfax, LA

Site of a violent clash in 1873 between white supremacists and African American soldiers, resulting in numerous deaths and a significant setback for Reconstruction efforts.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869, who presided over the early years of Reconstruction after the Civil War and faced significant opposition from Congress.

Big Business

refers to large-scale corporate-controlled organizations that dominate an industry, characterized by significant capital investment and influence over markets.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

An industrial giant in the 19th century, primarily known for his role in the railroad and shipping industries, which helped shape modern transportation in America.

Transcontinental Railway

A railroad system that connects the eastern and western coasts of the United States, facilitating nationwide commerce and travel.

Andrew Carnegie

A leading figure in the American steel industry during the late 19th century, known for his innovative management techniques and philanthropy.

Carnegie Steel

A company founded by Andrew Carnegie that became the largest steel manufacturer in the world during the late 19th century, instrumental in the growth of the American steel industry.

Foreword vertical integration

A business strategy where a company controls its supply chain by acquiring businesses that contribute to the production process, often leading to reduced costs and increased efficiency.

backward vertical integration

A strategy where a company acquires its suppliers to control the production process, ensuring supply stability and reducing costs.

Gustavus Swift

An American businessman known for revolutionizing the meatpacking industry in the late 19th century through the introduction of refrigerated transportation and vertically integrated operations.

horizontal integration

A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to consolidate market share, reduce competition, and achieve economies of scale.

trusts

Legal arrangements allowing companies to consolidate control over an industry, often used to limit competition and fix prices.

joint holding company

A type of business organization that holds the stock of other companies to control them, often formed to manage assets across multiple businesses and reduce competition.

Standard Oil

A major American oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller, known for its monopolistic practices through horizontal integration and the establishment of trusts.

John D. Rockenfeller

An American businessman and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company and led the oil industry in the late 19th century, becoming one of the richest individuals in history.

JP Morgan

An influential American banker and financier who played a key role in the development of corporate finance and investment banking during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He helped to consolidate industries and stabilize the economy.

U.S Steel

A major American steel producer formed in 1901 through the merger of several steel companies, including Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company, and became one of the world's largest steel manufacturers.

unskilled labor

Labor that requires minimal training or education, often involving manual work and low wages.

Fredrick Taylor

An American mechanical engineer and management consultant who is known as the father of scientific management. He developed principles of efficiency that improved industrial productivity.

mechanization

The process of using machinery to perform tasks traditionally done by human labor, which increases efficiency and productivity in manufacturing.

Taylorism

A theory of management that analyzes workflows, aiming to improve labor productivity by simplifying tasks.

white collar jobs

Employment positions that do not involve manual labor, typically in offices or administrative settings, often requiring specific education or training. Like accountants and lawyers

piecework

A system of wage payment where workers are compensated based on the amount of work they complete, rather than by the hour.

child labor

The employment of children in various industries, often under harsh conditions and for low wages, which was prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Homestead steel strike

A significant labor strike in 1892 at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania, where workers protested against wage cuts and poor working conditions, leading to violent confrontations. The pinkers were hired as security to break the strike, resulting in a deadly clash between workers and law enforcement.

Samuel Gompers

A key labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), Samuel Gompers advocated for workers' rights, better wages, and improved working conditions through organized labor.

American Federation of Labor

A national federation of labor unions in the United States, founded in 1886, which sought to organize skilled workers to achieve better wages, working conditions, and labor rights.

Southern textile Industry

A sector of the U.S. economy that emerged in the late 19th century, focusing on the production of textiles in the Southern states, often characterized by low wages, long hours, and exploitative labor practices. Used children in labor

James Buchanan Duke

An American tobacco and electric power magnate, known for founding the American Tobacco Company and significantly influencing the tobacco industry in the early 20th century.

Birmingham Steel Industry

A sector of the U.S. economy known for steel production in Birmingham, Alabama, particularly prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributing significantly to industrial growth and urbanization.

Redeemers

A political coalition in the Southern United States during the late 19th century that sought to regain political control after Reconstruction, emphasizing white supremacy and the reduction of African American rights.

Lost cause ideology

A belief system that romanticizes the Confederate cause in the American Civil War, portraying it as a noble struggle for states' rights and white supremacy, while minimizing the role of slavery. Believed that black liked being in slavery.

Indian Wars

A series of conflicts between the United States government and various Native American tribes in the late 19th century, primarily over land and resources, leading to the forced relocation of indigenous peoples.

Reservation System

A policy adopted by the U.S. government to designate specific areas of land for Native American tribes, often resulting in loss of ancestral lands and cultural disruption. It aimed to control and assimilate Native populations into American society.

American Indian boarding schools

Institutions established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at assimilating Native American children into Euro-American culture, often through harsh educational practices and the suppression of indigenous languages and traditions.

General Allotment Act of 1887

Legislation aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land, breaking up tribal lands and promoting agriculture, while reducing the overall land held by tribes.

Rock Springs Riot

A violent conflict in 1885 in Wyoming between white miners and Chinese laborers, resulting in the deaths of several Chinese people and significant property destruction, highlighting racial tensions and labor disputes of the era.

1887 Wright Irrigation Act

Legislation designed to encourage agricultural development in arid regions of the West by promoting the construction of irrigation systems for farmers.

1902 Reclamation Act

A federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 western states, promoting agriculture and settlement in the West.

Bonanza Wheat Farms

Large-scale wheat farming operations in the late 19th century in the Great Plains, utilizing advanced farming techniques and machinery to maximize production and profitability.

Ulysses S. Grant

The 18th President of the United States, a Union general during the Civil War, known for leading the Union Army to victory and overseeing Reconstruction. Worked on congressional reforms to support civil rights and economic recovery.

Congressional Reconstruction

A period following the Civil War when Congress took control of Reconstruction efforts, implementing policies aimed at rebuilding the South and securing civil rights for freed slaves.

Radical Republicans

A faction within the Republican Party during and after the Civil War that advocated for equal rights for freed slaves and strict policies for Southern states' readmission to the Union.

Reconstruction Acts

Legislation passed by Congress in 1867 aimed at outlining the process for Southern states to be readmitted into the Union, focusing on civil rights and political participation for freed slaves.

Share cropping/ Crop lien system

An agricultural system established in the South post-Civil War where farmers worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, often leading to debt and economic dependence. Usually black got land from white owners

Compromise of 1877

A political agreement that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election, resulting in Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and effectively ending Reconstruction.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist group formed in the South during Reconstruction, known for using terror and violence to oppose civil rights for African Americans and to restore white dominance.

Knights of the White Camelia

A secret organization formed in the Southern United States during Reconstruction, aimed at maintaining white supremacy through intimidation and violence against African Americans and their allies.