1. Cell Transport
Brownian Movement
Definition: Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy.
Occurs above freezing temperatures.
Passive process (requires no energy/ATP).
Responsible for constant molecular motion.
Diffusion
Definition: Movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Passive transport
Moves down the concentration gradient
No energy required
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition: Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins.
Passive transport
High → Low concentration
Only certain substances can pass
Filtration
Definition: Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure.
Driven by pressure differences
Dialysis
Definition: Separation of small molecules from larger molecules.
Used in dialysis machines
Not a normal transport process in the body
2. Active Transport
Active Transport
Definition: Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP).
Endocytosis ("Into the Cell")
Phagocytosis
Cell Eating
Engulfs solid particles
Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria
Pinocytosis
Cell Drinking
Engulfs fluids
Exocytosis
Definition: Movement of substances out of the cell.
3. Epithelial Tissue
Characteristics
Covers body surfaces
Lines organs and cavities
Cells are tightly packed
High mitotic rate
Connected to connective tissue by a basement membrane
Classification by Shape
Shape Name
Flat Squamous
Cube-shaped Cuboidal
Tall/elongated Columnar
Classification by Layers
Layers Name
One layer Simple
Two or more layers Stratified
Example:
Simple Columnar Epithelium
= One layer of elongated cells
4. Connective Tissue
Components
Connective tissue contains:
Cells
Fibers
Ground substance
Fibers + Ground Substance = Matrix
Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Tissue
Supports organs
Widely spaced fibers
Adipose Tissue
Fat tissue
Insulation
Energy storage
Reticular Tissue
Found in lymph nodes and spleen
Acts as a filtering framework
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Regular
Fibers run in one direction
Found in:
Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses
Dense Irregular
Fibers run in multiple directions
Found in:
Dermis of skin
Elastic Connective Tissue
Allows stretching
Found in:
Walls of arteries
Elastic structures
5. Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Found in:
Articular cartilage (joint surfaces)
Costal cartilage (ribs)
Fibrocartilage
Strongest cartilage
Found in:
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Meniscus of knee
Elastic Cartilage
Provides flexibility
Found in:
External ear
6. Skin (Integumentary System)
Epidermal Cells
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin
Waterproofing protein
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
Protect from UV radiation
Langerhans Cells
Immune defense
Fight infection
Merkel Cells
Touch receptors
7. Layers of the Epidermis
Deepest → Most Superficial
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin)
Stratum Corneum
Thick Skin
Found on:
Palms
Soles
Contains:
Stratum Lucidum
Dead Layers
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
Filled with keratin.
8. Skin Glands
Sudoriferous Glands
Sweat glands
Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands
Sebaceous Glands
Produce sebum (oil)
Ceruminous Glands
Produce earwax
Mammary Glands
Modified sweat glands
Produce milk
9. Skeletal System
Upper Extremity
Humerus
Arm bone
Radius
Lateral forearm bone
Thumb side
Ulna
Medial forearm bone
Forms elbow joint
Carpals
Wrist bones
8 bones
Metacarpals
Hand bones
Phalanges
Finger bones
Thumb:
2 phalanges
Other fingers:
3 phalanges
Pelvis
Ilium
Superior portion
Pubis
Anterior portion
Ischium
Posterior/inferior portion
"Sit bones"
Lower Extremity
Femur
Thigh bone
Tibia
Shin bone
Medial
Fibula
Lateral lower leg bone
Tarsals
Ankle bones
Metatarsals
Foot bones
Phalanges
Toe bones
Big toe:
2 phalanges
Other toes:
3 phalanges
High-Yield Exam Questions
1. What is Brownian movement?
Random movement of particles caused by kinetic energy.
2. Does diffusion require energy?
No. It is passive transport.
3. Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires a selectively permeable membrane protein.
4. What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating (engulfing solids).
5. What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking (engulfing fluids).
6. Which epithelial tissue has one layer of column-shaped cells?
Simple columnar epithelium.
7. What is the matrix of connective tissue?
Fibers + ground substance.
8. Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage.
9. Which epidermal cells produce melanin?
Melanocytes.
10. What are the five epidermal layers?
Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum.
11. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm?
Radius.
12. Which bone forms the shin?
Tibia.
13. What are the wrist bones called?
Carpals.
14. What are the ankle bones called?
Tarsals.
15. What are the hand and foot bones called?
Metacarpals and Metatarsals.
Quick Memorization Tips
Pino = Sip → Pinocytosis = cell drinking
Phago = Eat → Phagocytosis = cell eating
Radius = Radio to Thumb → Radius is lateral
Simple = One Layer
Stratified = Many Layers
Melanocytes = Melanin
Keratinocytes = Keratin
Sebaceous = Sebum (Oil)
Sudoriferous = Sweat
Carpals = Wrist
Tarsals = Ankle
This covers the major concepts your instructor specifically reviewed for the exam
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