Electricity-Charged Particles

What term did William Gilbert coin in 1600 for the mysterious force observed when rubbing certain materials together?

Electric force

What is the Greek word for amber, from which "electric force" was derived?

"elektron"

For centuries in Western thought, what four basic elements were believed to make up all things on Earth?

Earth, air, fire, and water

What did chemists discover about the traditional "elements" like water?

They are not actually fundamental; for example, water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.

Why do we still refer to items on the Periodic Table as "elements," even though they are made of smaller pieces?

For historical reasons

What does the Greek word "atom" mean?

Indivisible

What was the opposing philosophical view to the idea that matter is made of indivisible atoms?

That matter was infinitely divisible

What was the name of the device that could store electricity and deliver an electric shock, which interested Benjamin Franklin?

Leyden jar

What important discovery did Benjamin Franklin make about "electrical fire" (electric charge)?

Electric charge is conserved, meaning it cannot be created or destroyed but merely moved between objects.

What was Franklin's most famous experiment related to electricity, often depicted with a key and a kite?

Experiments with kites and thunderstorms

How did Franklin safely conduct his thunderstorm experiment, avoiding the dangers of standing out in the storm?

He attached the key to a stand surrounded by a small shelter to measure static electricity buildup.

What did Franklin's thunderstorm experiment prove about lightning?

That lightning was an electrical phenomenon

What are the three different types of particles that compose atoms?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

In the visualization of an atom as a miniature solar system, what is at the center?

The nucleus

What two types of particles make up the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

How do the masses of protons and neutrons compare?

They have nearly the same mass.

What is the fundamental quantity of nature, measured in kilograms (kg), that determines an object's response to forces?

Mass

What is another term for mass, referring to resistance to changes in motion?

Inertia

Where do electrons exist in an atom, and how do they behave relative to the nucleus?

Far outside the nucleus, orbiting around it.

How many protons and electrons do most atoms typically have?

An equal number

How many protons and electrons does hydrogen (number 1 on the periodic table) typically have?

One proton and one electron

How many protons and electrons does oxygen (number 8 on the periodic table) typically have?

Eight protons and eight electrons

What defines an element (i.e., what determines what kind of element an atom is)?

Its number of protons

What type of atomic particle is primarily involved in electricity?

Electrons

Why do neutrons not play a role in electricity?

They are electrically neutral and do not have any electric charge.

How do the electric charges of protons and electrons compare?

They have the same amount of charge but opposite types (protons are positive, electrons are negative).

What happens when oppositely charged particles are near each other?

They are attracted to each other.

What happens when particles with the same type of charge are near each other?

They are repelled.

What force keeps electrons in orbit around the protons in the nucleus?

The attraction between the positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

Newton’s First Law of Motion

an object’s inertia will allow it to keep going as long as there are no forces to stop it

Newtons

unit for force

Forces

interactions between objects, specifically the ways one object can change the motion of another object

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

an object feeling a force will accelerate in the direction of that force; more force means more acceleration, more mass means greater resistance to forces

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

every action has an equivalent reaction

Quarks

fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons