wrath
intense anger
refuge
a shelter from danger or hardship
vigor
active strength of body or mind
derisive
expressing contempt or ridicule
enthralled
filled with wonder and delight
callow
young and inexperienced
perturbed
thrown into a state of agitated confusion
vile
morally reprehensible
miscreant
a person without moral scruples
zeal
excessive fervor or excitement to do something or accomplish some end
ostracize
to expel from a community or group
irreparable
impossible to rectify or correct
desecrate
to defile; to remove the sacredness from a person or object
imminent
close in time; about to occur
discordant
not in agreement or harmony
superfluous
more than is needed, desired, required
abomination
an action that arouses disgust or abhorrence
abdicate
to resign; abandon; to handover
imperial
of or relating to an empire
enclave
a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct
coerce
to persuade by force or intimidation
quell
to put an end to (usually a rebellion or other disorder)
mitigate
to make less severe, serious, or painful
contemptuous
scornful; showing contempt
unprecedented
never known or done before
infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures for societies and buildings
egalitarian
relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal
inchoate
not quite informed yet
diaspora
a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale
pan
all or everything
Deft
skillful in physical movements
Taut
stretched tight; subject to great tension
Feign
to give a false appearance of
Wither
to shrink
ceaseless
uninterpreted in time; indefinitely long and continuing
audacity
fearless daring
resignation
acceptance of an unpleasant but inevitable situation
devoid
completely wanting or lacking
implore
to beg or to request earnestly and urgently
elude
to escape, either physically or mentally
malevolence
wishing evil to others
listless
marked by low spirits; showing no enthusiasm
specious
a plausible but false argument or idea
esoteric
understandable only by an enlightened inner circle; cryptic; obscure
potent
having a strong physiological or chemical effect
sullen
showing a brooding ill humor
recoil
to draw back, as with fear or pain
calamity
an event resulting in great loss or misfortune
grievous
causing or marked by grief or anguish
wrath
intense anger
theology
study of the nature of god and religious belief
derisive
expressing contempt or ridicule
interregional/intraregional
occurring between different regions/occurring within a region
daunting
intimidating; seeming difficult to deal with
specialization
the process of becoming an expert in a particular subject or skill
corpulent
fat
aristocracy
nobility; the highest class (usually hereditary)
propitiate
appease; regain favor with someone
bureaucracy
an often complex system of government administered by officials
myopia
nearsightedness; lack of imagination or foresight
monarchy/oligarchy
rule by one/ rule by a few
utopia/ dystopia
an imagined paradise/ an imagined dysfunctional and unjust state
egalitarian
relating to the principle that all people are equal
hierarchy
the organization of people in ranks by status or authority
caliphate
the reign of a caliph ("deputy of God") or Muslim ruler
truculent
quick to argue or fight; defiant
patriarchy/matriarchy
government ruled by men/ government ruled by women
schism
philosophical or religious split or division between sects or parties
syncretism
cultural blending
orthodox
traditionally accepted belief system
monastic
relating to monks, nuns, or the buildings in which they live
tremulous
shaking or quivering slightly
paleolithic/Neolithic
"old" (foraging) or "new" (agrarian) stone age
Pastoralist
sheep or cattle herder
Condescending
snobby; showing a patronizing superiority
Anthropocene
current historical period dominated by human activity
Decorous
polite and in keeping with good taste
Agrarian
relating to the cultivation of land (farming)
Furtive
secretive; attempting to avoid notice or attention
Diffusion
the spreading of something more widely
Ebullience
the quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance
Indigenous
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native
Inscrutable
impossible to understand or interpret
Domestication
the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use
Patrilineal/ Matrilineal
tracing family trees through the father/mother's line
Malevolent
having or showing a wish to do evil to others; malicious
Stela(e)
upright, inscribed, stone slab or column
Effigy
sculpture or model of a person
Talisman
an object thought to have magic powers bringing good luck
Monotheism/ Polytheism
belief on one god/ belief in many gods
Animism
belief that spirits indwell inanimate objects (plants, mountains, springs)
Tremulous
shaking or quivering slightly
monastic
relating to monks, nuns, and the buildings in which they live
proselytize
to attempt to convert someone from one religion to another
heresy
belief that is contrary to orthodox doctrine
iconoclasm
the rejection and destruction of religious beliefs or images as heretical
maritime
nautical; relating to the sea
cartography
mapmaking
exploitation
gaining unfair advantage over someone to benefit from their labor
monetization
the conversion of an asset or an entire economy into cash