Midterm 2 All Flashcards

studied byStudied by 20 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

-Multicellular eukaryotes -Heterotrophs -Cells lack cell walls -Collagen

1 / 116

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

117 Terms

1

-Multicellular eukaryotes -Heterotrophs -Cells lack cell walls -Collagen

What is an animal?

New cards
2

-comprises fibers in connective tissues -most abundant protein in animal bodies -flexible, high tensile (stretchy), strength, high elastic resilience (returns energy)

What is collagen?

New cards
3

-skin: dense irregular arrangement of collagen -ligament (connect bones): collagen arranged in sheets -tendon (connects muscles to bones): cable-like arrangement of collagen

What are the different collagen arrangements?

New cards
4

-sexually with diploid stage dominating the life cycle -sperm fertilizes egg → zygote zygote undergoes rapid cell division → cleavage

How do animals reproduce?

New cards
5

-collections of specialized cells with a common function, isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

What are tissues?

New cards
6

-germ layers give rise to the tissues and organs of the animal embryo

What are germ layers?

New cards
7

-cell cleavage

What leads to a blastula?

New cards
8

-hollow blastula undergoes gastrulation -forms a gastrula with layers of embryonic tissues

What undergoes gastrulation and what does it form?

New cards
9

-ectoderm: covers embryo's surface -endoderm: innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube →archenteron -archenteron

What are the different embryonic tissue layers in a gastrula?

<p>What are the different embryonic tissue layers in a gastrula?</p>
New cards
10

-sponges

What animals lack true tissues?

New cards
11

-have ectoderm and endoderm -coral, jellyfish, comb jellies

What are diploblastic animals and give some examples.

New cards
12

-have ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm layer (in between ectoderm and endoderm)

What are triploblastic animals?

New cards
13

-multicellular animals other than sponges and cnidarians -Characteristics: bilateral symmetry, cephalization (organization of senses and locomotion toward a head region)

What are bilaterians and what are some of their characteristics?

<p>What are bilaterians and what are some of their characteristics?</p>
New cards
14

-larva: sexually immature and anatomically distinct from an adult; undergoes metamorphosis -juvenile: resembles an adult but is not sexually mature

What are some characteristics of a larval stage?

New cards
15

-(535 to 525 million years ago) marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals -new predator-prey relationships -rise in atmospheric oxygen -evolution of the Hox gene complex

What is the Cambrian explosion and what are some possible causes?

New cards
16

-regulate other genes and control the development of body form

What are Hox genes?

New cards
17

-deuterostomes -lophotrochozoa -ecdysozoa

What are the three major groups that separate bilateral animals?

New cards
18

-cell proliferation following fertilization by spiral cleavage -coelom (body cavity) forms within the middle tissue germ layer -initial opening into the gut becomes the mouth

What is a protostome?

New cards
19

-cell proliferation following fertilization by radial cleavage -coelom forms from outpocketing of the middle tissue germ layer -initial opening into the gut becomes the anus

What is a deuterostome?

New cards
20

-smallest genome -only four cell types -no symmetry -no organs -no muscles -no nervous system

What are the characteristics of the phylum placozoa?

New cards
21

-sponges -Characteristics: specialized cell types but no true tissues; sessile → no locomotion; collar cells → responsible for movement, in flagella, create water currents that move through the body of the sponge

What are some characteristics of the phylum porifera and give an example of an animal in this phylum.

New cards
22

-tiny calcium or silica structures -support sponge body

What are spicules and what animal has them?

New cards
23

-function in digestion of food particles pulled from the water current by the collar cells

What are amoebocytes?

New cards
24

-modern choanoflagellates → protists

What does the hypothesized ancestor responsible for animal diversity resemble?

New cards
25

-sponges -sperm is released into the environment

What are hermaphrodites and what animal is one?

New cards
26

-jellyfish, anemones, corals -radial symmetry -two specialized cell layers (tissues) -nerve cells -feeding is done by capturing food particles or prey from water

What are some characteristics of the phylum cnidaria and what are some animals in this phylum?

New cards
27

-sessile polyp -free-swimming medusa

What are the two body forms for cnidarians?

New cards
28

-way to get prey by launching a venomous spine

What is a nematocyst?

New cards
29

-lophophore: horse-shoe shaped feeding structure or -trocophore: ciliated larva

What are characteristics of the lophotrochozoa?

New cards
30

-flatworms -lack circulatory, respiratory, and skeletal systems -coelom is absent and gut is incomplete -large range in size (less than 1 mm to several m)

What are characteristics of the phylum platyhelminthes and what are some examples of this phylum?

New cards
31

-turbellaria -monogenea -trematoda -cestoda

What are some of the classes of the phylum platyhelminthes?

New cards
32

-mostly marine, some fresh water, a few terrestrial -predators and scavengers -body surface is ciliated -mostly hermaphordites but can also reproduce asexulally -flatworms, planarian

What are some characteristics of the class tubellaria and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
33

-marine and freshwater parasites -most infect external surfaces of fishes (skin and gills) -life history is simple -ciliated larva starts infection on host -unciliated synctial outer layer (cells connected so that cytoplasm is shared -monogeans

What are some characteristics of the class monogea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
34

-parasites, mostly vertebrates -two suckers attach to host (mollusc and vertebrate) -most life cycles include intermediate and finals hosts -infections from this class can cause pain, anemia, dysentery, and liver damage -trematodes (flukes)

What are some characteristics of the class trematoda and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
35

-parasites of vertebrates -scolex (hooked structure) attaches to host (via intestine) -proglottids produce eggs and break off after fertilization -no head, digestive system, and no sense organs -life cycle with one or more intermediate hosts -proglottids → comprise the body and contains both male and female sex organs -tapeworms

What are some characteristics of the class cestoda and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
36

-Rotifer -max size is 3mm (super small) -wide range of aquatic and marine habitats -some can survive in extremely dry and cold conditions -predators, parasites, filter feeders (some are sessile) -mouth has hard, muscular jaws -have separate sexes or are asexual

What are some characteristics of the phylum syndermata and an example of an animal in this phylum?

New cards
37

-need moisture in habitat, but has a huge range of habitats -large variety of sizes -one of the largest animal phyla -used as food, crop pests, and intermediate hosts for human parasites -protective mantle enclosing a mantle cavity and muscular foot -radula → scraping, tongue-like feeding organ; in all major mollusc classes except bivalves

What are some characteristics of the phylum mollusca?

New cards
38

-calcium carbonate

What are mollusc shells composed of?

New cards
39

-polyplacophora -gastropoda -bivalvia -cephalopoda

What are some of the classes of the phylum mollusca?

New cards
40

-marine -shell with 8 plates -foot used for locomotion -radula -no head -chitons

What are some characteristics of the class polyplacophora and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
41

-marine, freshwater, or terrestrial -head present -symmetrical body, usually with a coiled shell -shell reduced or absent -foot for locomotion -radula -mostly herbivores but some are scavengers or active predators -some have a complex genital apparatus from the side of its head which hermaphroditic slugs use to pass sperm -some snails have "love darts" to inject hormones into their mate to increase the success of their sperm in fertilizing eggs -snails, slugs

What are some characteristics of the class gastropoda and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
42

-marine and freshwater -flattened shell with two valves -head reduced -paired gills → modified for filter-feeding -no radula -locomotion is by extension and anchoring of the foot or by propelling water between the valves (shells) -clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

What are some characteristics of the class bivalvia and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
43

-marine predators -head surrounded by grasping tentacles, usually with suckers -shell external, internal, or absent -mouth with or without radula -locomotion via jet propulsion; foot is modified into a siphon for propulsion -sexes are separate -highly developed nervous and sensory systems -squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, chambered natiluses

What are some characteristics of the class cephalopoda and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
44

-true coelom -closed circulatory system -body plan exhibits distinct repetition of segments → metameric -reproduction by separate sexes, hermaphroditic sexual reproduction, or by fission and regeneration -marine

What are some characteristics of the phylum annelida?

New cards
45

-errantia -sedentaria

What are the two major clades of the phylum annelida?

New cards
46

-mostly mobile and marine -pair of paddle/ridge-like parapodia (beside feet) on each body segment each parapodium (foot) has numerous chaetae → bristles made of chitin

What are some characteristics of the clade errantia?

New cards
47

-less mobile than errantians -some burrow into substrate or live in protective tubes -tube-dwelling sedentarians have elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding -leeches and earthworms

What are some characteristics of the clade sedentaria?

New cards
48

-parasites/predators -lack chaetae and have suckers on anterior and posterior ends -blood-sucking leeches produce an anti-clotting enzyme, hirudin, to facilitate feeding

What are leeches?

New cards
49

-ecdysis → periodic shedding of a cuticle

What is a defining characteristic of the ecdysozoa?

New cards
50

-cuticle → non-living external layer secreted by the epidermis -cuticle is periodically shed as the nematode grows → ecdysis -only have longitudinal muscles -hydrostatic skeleton → resists compression and transmits muscular forces due to the high internal pressure in the pseudocoelom allowing it to function with the cuticle

What are some characteristics of the phylum nematoda?

New cards
51

-ascaris lumbricoides -necator americanus (hookworm) -trichinella spiralis -caenorhabditis elegans

What are some animals that are part of the phylum nematoda?

New cards
52

-largest and most common parasite of the human intestine -one female can lay over 200,000 eggs each day -intestinal infection is acquired by ingesting eggs present in the soil

What are some characteristics of ascaris lumbricoides?

New cards
53

-juveniles feed on bacteria in the soil and infect humans by penetrating the skin -adults feed on blood sucked from the lining of the intestines

What are some characteristics of necator americanus (hookworm)?

New cards
54

-responsible for the potentially lethal disease trichinosis contracted by consuming undercooked pork -juveniles enter muscle cells and alter the host's gene expression to change the muscle into a nurse cell that protects and nourishes the nematode

What are some characteristics of trichinella spiralis?

New cards
55

-most studied "model organisms"

What are some characteristics of caenorhabditis elegans?

New cards
56

-tropical predators that prey on ground-dwelling insects, snails, and worms -unjointed appendages and a body form that changed very little -paired slime glands spray an entangling fluid to catch prey -onychophorans or velvet worms

What are some characteristics of the phylum onychophora?

New cards
57

-water bears; microscopic inhabitants of water films on mosses or marine sands that feed by sucking fluids from other tiny animals or plants -cryptobiosis → state of suspended metabolism -in cryptobiotic state, tardigrades can survive: heating to 149°C and cooling to -272°C; radiation; lack of oxygen

What are some characteristics of the phylum tardigrada?

New cards
58

-cuticle hardened by proteins -exoskeleton made of chitin -jointed appendages that are modified for special functions -segmented bodies into functional units → tagmata -open circulatory system emptying into body cavity → hemocoel -complete digestive system, complex muscle and nervous systems -respiration through a complex system of air canals → trachea

What are some characteristics of the phylum arthropoda?

New cards
59

-cheliceriformes -myriapoda -hexapoda -crustacea

What are some of the subphyla of the phylum arthropoda?

New cards
60

-body having one or two main parts -six pairs of appendages -mostly terrestrial or marine -horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

What are some characteristics of the subphylum cheliceriformes and what are some animals in this subphylum?

New cards
61

-distinct head bearing antennae and chewing mouthparts -terrestrial -millipedes and centipedes

What are some characteristics of the subphylum myriapoda and what are some animals in this subphylum?

New cards
62

-body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen -antennae present -three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings -mostly terrestrial -insects, springtails

What are some characteristics of the subphylum hexapoda and what are some animals in this subphylum?

New cards
63

-body of two or three parts -antennae present -chewing mouthparts -three or more pairs of legs -elaborate serial homology -mostly marine and freshwater -crabs, lobsters, crayfishes, shrimps

What are some characteristics of the subphylum crustacea and what are some animals in this subphylum?

New cards
64

-study of insects is called entomology -openings in the exoskeleton lead to a system of trachea and tracheoles that supply the body with oxygen -growth in insects result in molting of exoskeleton; the life stages between molts are called instars -has the protein resilin which plays a large role in locomotion -flexible chitinous exoskeleton -asynchronous flight muscles

What are some characteristics of insects?

New cards
65

-ametabolous: growth without major change in form -hemimetabolous: nymph stage is followed by increased development of wings from buds with each successive molt -holometabolous: complete metamorphosis from stages specialized for feeding to stages specialized for mating and dispersal

What are the three stages of insect development?

New cards
66

-hemichordata -echinodermata -chordata

What phylums are classified as deuterstomes?

New cards
67

-asteroidea -ophiuroidea -echinoidea -crinoidea -holothuroidea

What are some classes in the phylum echinodermata?

New cards
68

-marine animals -secondarily evolved radial symmetry from a bilateral ancestor (larva are still bilateral) -calcium-containing endoskeleton (internal skeleton) of plates or tiny bony elements -none of the echinoderms are parasites -water-vascular system for movement -fluid is pushed from muscular ampullae into tube feet causing them to extend -external surface is covered with spines and pedicellariae → tiny jaws that keep the surface clear of debris and parasites -catch collagen → unique connective tissue of echinoderms, changes rapidly between solid and liquid states in response to stimulation from the nervous system

What are some characteristics of the phylum echinodermata?

New cards
69

-star-shaped body with multiple arms -mouth directed to substrate -sea stars

What are some characteristics of the class asteroidea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
70

-distinct central disk -long, flexible arms -incomplete digestive system -brittle stars

What are some characteristics of the class ophiuroidea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
71

-roughly spherical or disk-shaped -no arms -five rows of tube feet -mouth ringed by complex, jaw-like structure -sea urchins, sand dollars

What are some characteristics of the class echinoidea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
72

-feathered arms surrounding upward-pointing mouth -sea lilies, feather stars

What are some characteristics of the class crinoidea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
73

-cucumber-shaped body -five rows of tube feet -reduced skeleton -no spines -secondarily evolved bilateral symmetry -can digest organic matter in sediment and can expel and regenerate their digestive system -sea cucumbers

What are some characteristics of the class holothuroidea and what are some animals in this class?

New cards
74

-notochord → semi-rigid rod of cells enclosed by a fibrous sheath that functions as a skeletal element -dorsal, hollow nerve cord → runs along the length of the body -pharyngeal slits or clefts → openings in the pharyngeal cavity (throat) to the outside of the animal; leads to the structures of the middle ear, tonsils, and internal gills -muscular, post-anal tail → aquatic locomotion

What are the characteristics of the phylum chordata?

New cards
75

-cephalochordata -urochordata

What are the two chordate lineages that diverged early in the evolution of vertebrates?

New cards
76

-lancelets -small, thin filter-feeders -found on the sandy bottoms in coastal waters -lack gills and heart -closed circulatory system

What are some characteristics of the cephalochordates?

New cards
77

-also known as tunicates -more closely related to other chordates than lancelets -as an adult, draws in water through an incurrent siphon which filters food particles

What are some characteristics of the urochordata?

New cards
78

-backbone -two or more sets of hox genes that regulate anterior-posterior development -embryos have neural crest cells that give rise to a variety of structures (bones, cartilage)

What are some characteristics of vertebrates?

New cards
79

-Scavengers: myxini, hagfish, petromyzontida -Parasites: lampreys

What are some examples of jawless fish (cyclostomes)? Which ones are scavengers and which ones are parasites?

New cards
80

-notochord is the only "backbone" -cartilage braincase rather than bone -no paired fins -no stomach -partially open circulatory system (4 hearts)

What some characteristics of the myxini?

New cards
81

-fibrous and cartilage skeleton -cartilage braincase -no paired fins -distinct stomach -closed circulatory system with single heart

What are some characteristics of the petromoyzontida?

New cards
82

-glands that secrete huge amounts of mucous and protein threads that surround the body in defensive slime

What are some characteristics of hagfishes?

New cards
83

-attach to fish by suction and rasp a wound through the skin with their spiny tongues -anticoagulant allows lamprey to acquire blood and body fluids while attached to the host

What are some characteristics of lampreys?

New cards
84

-chordates with jaws -sharks, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), mammals -placoderms → earliest gnathostomes in fossil records

What are gnathostomes and what are some examples?

New cards
85

-improved respiratory efficiency (closing jaws prevents backflow when water is passed over the gills) -grasping, biting, suction feeding -may have evolved from the skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

What is the significance of jaws?

New cards
86

-aka chondrichthyes -skeleton composed primarily of cartilage -sharks, rays, skates -lack of mineralization in the cartilage skeleton -calcified bony skeletal elements -scales are a type of placoid → form horns, spines, teeth -spiral valve → slows passage of food and increases surface area for absorption -males have claspers → modified pelvic fins for copulation -oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

What are some characteristics of the chondrichthyans?

New cards
87

-eggs hatch outside the mother's body

Define oviparous.

New cards
88

-embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

Define ovoviviparous.

New cards
89

-embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood

Define viviparous/

New cards
90

-bony fish, tetrapods -bone replaces cartilage in the skeleton -operculum → plate-like, covers gills and allows fish to breathe efficiently without forward movement -gills maximize surface area for gas exchange by having folding on multiple levels -more diverse teeth and digestive systems than chondrichthyes -gas bladder increased swimming efficiency and maneuverability by contributing to neutral buoyancy

What are some characteristics of the osteichthyans?

New cards
91

-lateral line → "distant touch" detection of water movements via neuromasts -neuromasts have extensions that trigger signals to the nervous system when displaced by water movement -lateral lines are arranged on the head and along the side of the body

What are is a shared characteristics between the chondrichthyes and osteichthyans?

New cards
92

-osteichthyans that share some characteristics of the first terrestrial vertebrates -coelacanth → paired fins at the end of appendages with internal bony elements, notochord as the primary anterior-posterior support, jointed braincase

What are lobe-fins? (characteristics, significance)

New cards
93

-notochord -developed vertebrae -functional lungs -withstand drying of their habitat -estivation → state of reduced physiological activity during drought (air-breathe, lower heart rate, retain urea and other wastes, break down body fat and protein)

What are some characteristics of lungfish?

New cards
94

-ancestrally terrestrial and four-limbed vertebrates -amphibia

What are tetrapods?

New cards
95

-oxygen is more concentrated in air than in water -air is less dense and less thick than water -air experiences far greater temperature extremes -terrestrial environments comprise greater diversity of habitats than marine environments

What are some difference between marine life and terrestrial life?

New cards
96

-skeleton is mostly bone -usually have four limbs -skin is moist and functional in respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across skin) -mucous glands that keep skin moist so it functions as a respiratory surface (cutaneous respiration), produce adhesives that function in locomotion and defense -skin can produce caustic and toxic poisons -aquatic larva and terrestrial adult -frogs, salamanders, caecilians

What are some characteristics of amphibians?

New cards
97

-elongate, tailed, four limbs (except for some fully aquatic forms) -larvae have external gills and laterally flattened tails -most fully terrestrial salamanders hatch from eggs as miniatures of the adult with no aquatic larval stage -paedomorphosis → evolution of retention of larval characteristics into adulthood (many reach sexual maturity while retaining external gills and an aquatic habitat) -may have gills, lungs, both, or neither

What are some salamander characteristics?

New cards
98

-most eggs are fertilized internally by sperm passed to the female in a packet or spermatophore -eggs are either deposited on the spermatophore or it is drawn into the female's cloaca -few species are viviparous (birth live young)

How do salamanders reproduce?

New cards
99

-warning (aposomatic) coloration -poison that is fast acting on lips or epithelial tissue of mouth to rapidly deter predation

What are some defensive and offensive options that salamanders have?

New cards
100

-skeletal features specialize anurans for locomotion by jumping with hindlimbs generating the power to propel the frog through the air or water -pelvis is elongate and reaches far anteriorly and the posterior vertebrae are fused into a urostyle -vertebral column is short and overlapping projections restrict side to side bending -closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart and separate pulmonary and systemic circuits -external fertilization with eggs deposited in aquatic habitats -larval tadpole have external then internal gills with the full process of metamorphosis taking 2-3 years in some species

What are some characteristics of frogs?

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot