PSYCH 1100 Uconn Exam 2 Paxton

Top-down

expectations of engagement with the world, faster recognition

Bottom-up

no filter, information given. goals

Attention blindness

an example of the power of top-down effects on perception

Change blindness

so focused on one thing that you do not realize a change

Inattention Blindness

missing something you're not looking for

Light Waves

visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. what humans perceive as color

Sound Waves

physical properties of sound waves connect to perception

Loudness

amplitude (measured in decibels)

Pitch

Frequency

Complexity

Timbre

Weber-Fechner Law

non-linear connection between actual stimulus and senses

Trichromatic theory of color vision

blue, green, red cones

opponent-process theory

blue/yellow, green/red, light/dark cones

dual-process theory

encompasses both the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory

Outer ear

air vibrations, protection, localization, amplification

middle ear

mechanical vibrations, pressure equalization

inner ear

mechanical, hydrodynamic, electrochemical filtering

auditory nervous system

electrochemical information processing

Hearing pathway

outer ear

pinna

auditory canal

middle ear

tympanic membrane

ossicles

eustachian tube

inner ear

cochlea

auditory nerve

Primary Auditory Cortex

(temporal lobe) information integrated from both ears, sound localization

temporal theory of pitch perception

frequencies detected by activity levels of specific neurons in hair cells

place theory of pitch perception

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

place-volley theory of pitch perception

low pitches- temporal theory, medium pitches- both theories, high pitches- place theory

ipsilateral senses

go to same part/side of brain you are receiving them on

thermoception

temperature perception

nociception

pain perception

Merkel's disk

light pressure, shape sensation

Meissner's corpuscles

pressure, higher-frequency vibration

Ruffini Corpuscles

stretch receptors

Pacinian Corpuscles

deep pressure, higher-frequency vibrations

free nerve endings

pain, temperature, itch

vestibular sensory system

ear: superior canal, orticle, saccule. sensitive to gravity and movement, postural control reflex

visual system is connected to:

kinesthesia and proprioception

posture is controlled by

hindbrain and spinal cord

Pavlovian Conditioning (Classical Conditioning)

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

stimulus that elicits reflex response in an organism

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

response to a stimulus elicited by reflex in an organism

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

stimulus that doesn't elicit a response until after conditioning when it becomes condition stimulus (CS)

aquisition

CS + UCS

extinction

CS and spontaneous recovery of CR

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Hebbian Learning/Hebb's Law

neurons that fire together wire together, increases synapse efficacy

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

operant conditioning

learning an association between a behavior and its consequence

reinforcement

increases behavior

punishment

decreases behavior

positive reinforcement

add to increase behavior

positive punishment

add to decrease behavior

negative reinforcement

remove to decrease behavior

negative punishment

remove to decrease behavior

primary reinforcer

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

secondary reinforcer

stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer

primary punisher

A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.

secondary punisher

a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers

fixed interval

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed ratio

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

shaping

complicated learned behaviors come from shaping and chaining. john watson thought the way you're raised is more powerful than genetics.

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a behavior

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

visual encoding

input of images

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Baddely-Hitch Model

short term memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

long term memory

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage. Recall, recognition, relearning. Affected by emotion, attention, and motivation.

grandmother cell theory

a type of neuron responds only to a very specific stimulus - not possible

sparse coding/distributive processing

recognizing bits of a memory or person

prefrontal cortex

working memory, short term memory, attention

amygdala

stress hormones, memory consolidation, emotional valence

hippocampus

spatial memory, short to long term memory, declarative memory

cerebellum

procedural memory, classical conditioning, motor learning

neurotransmitters

build links for memory, important in arousal theory of memory

lesion studies

links between different brain areas and different kinds of memory (real and TMS stimulated)

animal models

useful for genetics and neuroanatomy.

genetics: knock out

neuroanatomy: lesion studies

developmental studies

changes in memory and complexity, object permanence (8-12 months), executive function and working memory

behavioral studies

direct/indirect memory tests, recognition and recall, working memory length and interference effects

amnesia

long-term memory loss

retrograde amnesia

inability to access existing declarative memories.

anterograde amnesia

inability to create new declarative memories.

Forgetting

losing information from memory

7 sins of memory (forgetting, distortion, intrusion)

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

transience

memories fade in strength over time. "forgetting curve" by Herman Ebbinghaus.

repetition strengthens memory.

absentmindedness

losing hold of attention

blocking

"tip of the tongue" phenomenon, retrieval is blocked

misattribution

misremembering

distortion

memory from long term memory gets altered every time it is retrieved

suggestability

the development of biased memories from misleading information

bias

prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

intrusion

involuntary repetition of a memory, strongly associated with trauma

reward signals and predator signals

eliminate learned behaviors that aren't adaptive anymore

stimulus generalization, creativity and idea generation

abstract away from original conditions of learning

recovery after trauma, forgiveness

improve cognitive, emotional and social health

rosy retrospection

The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

false memory

a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur

egocentric bias

Recalling the past in a self-serving manner