Studied by 5 people
lecture notes
Culture is relevant to the study of children because of the _ that people have and the way they _ with children.
attitudes
interact
individualistic vs collectivistic
focuses on?
self is defined by?
which self is more important?
frequency of cognitive dissonance?
emotions (such as anger) are…
people who are the most liked are …
values?
how many / what type relationships?
save which face?
what type of behaviours?
how much mother-child physical contact?
individual vs group
personal traits independent of groups & stable across contexts vs in group terms & change with context
private vs public
frequent vs not frequent
self-focused vs relationship based
self-assured vs modest, self-effacing
pleasure, achievement, competition, freedom vs security, obedience, in-group harmony, personalized relationships
many causal vs few close
own face vs own and other face
independent vs interdependent behaviours
rare vs frequent
western psychology emphasizes _ which sometimes undermines the basic need for _ _
individualism
social connectedness
what was the results for american vs chinese self conceptions when comparing how much they filled in blanks with personal traits and group affiliations?
Both groups filled in more personal traits than group affiliations
More group affiliations in Chinese
_ families are those in which at least one of the parents is born outside the country of residence.
what are the variations in these families?
Immigrant
Variations in immigrant families involve:
whether one or both parents are foreign-born;
whether the child was born in the host country and;
the ages at which immigration took place for both parents and the children.
When
Degree of acculturation
youth immigrants’ are at (less/more) risk than nonimmigrant families
more
The _ nature of the Canadian population has significant implications for people who work with and care for children.
There is an elevated need for cultural and ethnic _ in planning for and responding to children's needs.
diverse
sensitivity
what are some circumstances that immigrants face that challenge their adjustment?
Language barriers, dislocations and separations from support networks, the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate, and changes in SES.
Educators and counselors need to adapt intervention programs to optimize cultural sensitivity.
Ethnicity and SES can interact in ways that _ the negative influence of ethnicity.
Ethnic minority individuals are overrepresented in the (lower/higher) socioeconomic levels in our societies.
Researchers must strive to separate the effects of SES from ethnicity.
exaggerate
lower
Being from a middle-SES background does not entirely protect youth from the problems of _ status.
minority
Historical, economic, and social experiences produce differences between ethnic minority and majority groups.
Differences between any ethnic minority and the majority culture were once considered _ or _ characteristics.
Research now focuses on the _ of children and adolescents in minority groups.
Progress has been made in ethnic minority relations, but _ and _ still exist, and _ has not been achieved.
deficits
inferior
strengths
discrimination
prejudice
equality
A parent’s SES is linked to the _ in which children live and the _ they attend.
The structural elements of a neighbourhood, which are reflective of its SES status, play a significant role in the types of _, _, & _ supports that are available to a child and their family.
neighbourhoods
schools
ervices, policies, and community
Children and adolescents from low SES homes are at risk for low _ and _ problems.
Nevertheless, a sizable number are competent and perform well in school, often benefiting from parents, grandparents, and other adults who make special sacrifices that contribute to school success.
achievement
emotional
Adolescents from _ families also face challenges, such as substance abuse and adjustment difficulties.
affluent
Poverty is massive _
Living in poverty is a significant risk factor for _ _ _
Poverty is linked to:
stressor
healthy child development.
linked to
poor health outcomes
lower level of access to healthcare and social support services
food insecurity
family stress which, if excessive, can influence early brain development in children
Child poverty in canada at a glance
In Canada, _ million children live in conditions of poverty (that’s 1 in 5).
_ in _ status First Nation children lives in poverty.
High rates and misrepresentation
_% of Indigenous children in Canada live in poverty, and _% of Indigenous children on reserves live in poverty.
More than _-_ of food bank users across Canada were children in 2016.
About 1 in _ of those using shelters in Canada are children
_ mothers overrepresentation
Lower levels of support
Less involved with children
1.3
1 in 2
40
60
one-third
7
single
Children who are poor experience widespread environmental inequities that include: psychological ramifications
Exposure to family turmoil, violence, separation, instability, and chaos;
Less social support, and parents who are less responsive and more authoritarian;
Being read to infrequently, watching more TV, and having less access to books and computers;
Inferior schools and child-care facilities with less parental involvement;
More pollution, and more dangerous and physically deteriorating neighbourhoods with fewer services.
Digital technology is affecting children and adolescents in both positive and negative ways. examples?
On the positive side, it can provide extensive knowledge and can be used to enhance children’s and adolescents’ education.
One downside is that many youth are losing the ability to deeply process the information.
adolescents spend less time in front of a screen than their parents. (true/false)
false
There is no consistent research evidence that this immersion impairs _ skills.
There is, however, evidence suggesting that screen time on social media in particular may be _ affecting mental and behavioural health.
thinking
negatively
Because screen time is largely _, there are concerns about physical health, including increased risk of _ and disrupted _.
sedentary
obesity
sleep
When the amount of time spent multitasking is included in total media use, 11- to 14-year-olds spend nearly _ hours a day exposed to media.
12
One longitudinal study found (lower/higher) multitasking predicted attention problems.
In another, the presence of phones during face-to-face interaction interfered with social _.
Can impact attention children feel they are getting from caregivers
higher
engagement
what are some positive and negative influences of TV?
Positive influences of TV:
Motivating educational programs;
Information from outside of the immediate environment; and
Models of prosocial behaviour.
Negative influences of TV:
Passive learning and homework distraction;
Not engaged
Stereotypes, violent models of aggression, and unrealistic views of the world; and
Impacts on weight, eating habits, and sleep and wake -time habits.
More sedentary behaviour
Violent video games—especially, those that are highly realistic—raise concerns about the effects on children and adolescents.
Children and adolescents who extensively play violent video games are (less/more) aggressive.
more
Playing video games is associated with some positive outcomes. examples?
Prosocial behaviours and improved visuospatial skills.
Weight loss with video games requiring exercise.
Effects of media/screen time depend on the child’s _ and the _ of media involved.
Learning from media is difficult for _ and _, who learn more easily from direct experience.
_ children can learn from media with educational material, if:
age
type
infants and toddlers
Preschool
if:
Effective strategies are used;
Images and sounds attract young children’s attention; and
Children’s voices are used rather than adult voices.
Age appropriate voices
Early learning!
Higher grade point average in highschool if watched _ _ when younger
sesame street
Canadians paediatric society recommendations for screen time
_ screen time
_ (_) the risks associated with screen time
adults should _ healthy screen time
minimize
mitigate (reduce)
model
Screen time for children younger than _ years is not recommended.
For children _ to _ years, limit routine or regular screen time to less than 1 hour per day.
Ensure that sedentary screen time is not a routine part of childcare for children younger than _ years.
2
2 - 5
5
The (less/more) time children spend watching screens, the lower their school achievement.
more
TV and electronic media lower school achievement in 3 ways
_: Having a TV on can interfere with cognitive tasks.
_: TV can take time and attention from achievement-related tasks.
_: TV captures children’s interest more than school achievement; heavy screen watchers tend to view books as dull and boring.
Interference
Displacement
Self-defeating tastes/preferences
For youth to be adequately prepared for tomorrow’s jobs, _ does need to become an integral part of their lives.
technology
Special concerns have emerged about children’s and adolescents’ access to information on the Internet. examples?
They can access sexual material, instructions for making weapons, and other inappropriate information.
Peer bullying and harassment (cyberbullying) is an issue for many.
Child pornography etc
Clearly, adolescents’ use of the Internet requires parental _ and _
monitoring and regulation.
Note 
Flashcard (35)