Animal Science- Test 3

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178 Terms

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What is Fescue Toxicosis (KY 31)?
Endophyte fungus produces ergot alkaloid toxins
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What happens when broodmares eat too much Fescue?
Dystocia, prolonged gestation, enlarged foals, thickened placenta, and agalactia
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What happens when cattle eat too much Fescue?
“Summer Slump,” Agalactia, thickened placenta, aborted fetuses, poor appetite

Exacerbated by fertilizing with high N; fat necrosis causes problems with digestion and calving
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How to prevent Fescue Toxicosis
Pasture Management is the only option

* pull mares off 60 days before foaling; hay
* Test pasture for fungus; reseed
* Dilute by the planting of red/ white clovers, alfalfa
* Consider endophyte-free stains
* Keep pastures short to prevent seed heads
* Fertilization may make the problem worse
5
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Factors that affect reproductive performance
Nutrition, Environment (temp, humidity, seasonality), Anatomical defects in the reproductive tract, Endocrine system imbalance, diseases
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Over-condition
rarely observed, increased dystocia, you see them a lot in “hobby farmers” and show animals
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“Flushing”
Increasing the level of nutrition (30 days before breeding)
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Why is flushing done
Increases the rate of ovulation in the herd

Effective for heifers, ewes, and sometimes guilts
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How often do producers want a cow to calve
every 12 months
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Most cows probably won’t show estrus until after day 45 postpartum, therefore only ____ estrous cycles to get them bred (21 d)
2
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A ___________ program is especially important for heifers calving for the first time
nutrition
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Why do they need extra nutrients?
Will be lactating for the first time, still growing, uterine involution (preparation for another pregnancy)
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Highest percentage in A.I. and why?
95% is turkey because they need a lot of muscling, 80-90% is dairy cattle because the bulls are mean
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Advantages of A.I.?
Maximum use of genetically superior sire

* greater number of offspring
* facilitates progeny testing of young sire
* enhances genetic progress

Greater selection of affordable sires

Use deceased or dangerous sires

Aid in reduction of diseases

Improvement management

* improved her record
* improve uniformity of calf crop
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Disadvantages of A.I.
Increased labor, management, and facilities

Accentuate poor genetics by using inferior sire
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Future of A.I.
Brightened by the use of Lutalyse, Estrumate, and Synchromate-B for the synchronization of estrus

Future use would be increased if we could

* Successfully sex semen
* Breed lactational an-estrous cows
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Semen Collection
Artificial vagina

* for bulls, stallions, and rams
* Not for boar (apply pressure by gloved hand)
* Used when mounting female or train to mount dummy

Electro-ejaculator

* Probe inserted into the rectum
* Electrical stimulation causes ejaculation

If collected too frequently, number of semen per ejaculate decreases
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After collection, semen evaluated for:
volume, sperm concentration, motility of sperm, abnormalities of sperm
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frozen semen lasts _____________
indefinitely
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For maximum conception, the sperm and ova must be at the site of fertilization at the __________
peak of their fertility
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Site of semen deposition
In uterus of cows and mares

* Deposition in uterine horn and has lower conception due to uterine trauma and possible infection
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Superovulation
Hormone treatment of the female to induce multiple ovulations

* Uses: multiple births and embryo transfer
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Embryo Transfer of Advantages
* Increased reproduction of valuable dams
* Decreased time of proof of dam through a greater number of progeny
* Extended reproductive life of injured or older dams
* Transport of exotic breeds or proven stock to restricted or underdeveloped areas
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Embryo Transfer Disadvantages
* Costly…although it is decreasing
* ET offspring are not necessarily genetically superior
* Success rate is variable and not guaranteed
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_______ hormone is commonly used to induce cattle
FSH
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___________ are used to synchronize the estrous cycles of the donor cow and recipient cows
Prostaglandins
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What are prostaglandins?
They resemble hormones in their actions, but are quite different chemically (produced by many tissues in the body)
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Embryo Transfer Procedures
* Selection (transfer donor must be healthy, cyclic animals of superior genetic makeup)
* Synchronization (donor and recipient animals must be in the same stage of the estrous cycle)
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___________ is the distinguishing feature of animals
Lactation
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Mammary glands serve two functions ________ __and__ ____________
Provides nutrition and source of passive immunity to offspring
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In the U.S. milk primarily comes from _____ __lesser extent__ _____ __and__ ________
cows

goats and sheep
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What makes a mammal?
Most have hair, all have mammary glands (modified sweat gland)
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Critical part of repro strategy in mammals
Lactation
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Great variation in __________ glands among species
glands
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How many glands and teats do cows have?
4 glands, terminate in 4 teats
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How many glands and teats in the mare?
4 glands and 2 teats
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How many glands in the sheep and goat?
2 glands and 2 teats
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How many glands for multiparous animals?
6-20 glands in two rows along abdominal wall
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A gland is __________
a secreting organ
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A secretion may be _______,__ _______, or__ ________
poured out (secreted) onto the surface, poured into cavity, or taken into blood
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Milk is synthesized and secreted from epithelial sells in a tissue consisting of ___________
alveoli
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What is an exocrine gland?
Gland that secretes fluid into a duct
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What is the endocrine gland
Ductless glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream, endocrinology
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What are antimicrobial proteins in milk?
Lactoferrin (binds iron (Fe) required for bacterial growth), and Lysozyme (enzyme that hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls), Immunoglobulins (Ig)
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What is the composition of milk? What makes up the most of it?
Water makes up the most of milk

Solids: Also contains lactose (1 glucose + 1 galactose), fat, protein, minerals, vitamins, other
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How much of cows milk make up water and solids?
88% water and 12% of solids
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The more fat in the milk, the more _______ the milk is
yellow
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Time of sampling during milking
First-drawn milk (fore-milk) lower in fat and increases as milk is removed
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“Fat leaves _________”
last
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Fat % varies by __________
season
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Higher in ________ __and__ __________
fall and winter
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Lower in ___________ __and__ _____________
spring and summer
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Temperatures >85
milk accentuated with high humidity
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What are factors that affects milk production
Inheritance determines potential

* Low producers vs. high producers

Feed and management determine whether potential is reached

* Proper feed and care
* Production influenced by herd health
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Male offspring cause ________ milk production
greater

* males are heavier and grow more quickly
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Adjust production to the ________ of the calf
consumption

* continue milking the cow or put on another calf
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Multiple births produce _________ milk than females with single births
more
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Age of animal- max production at _____ yrs.
6
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Younger and older females produce less milk vs. females that have had _________ lactations
several
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__________ needs greater during lactation than gestation
nutritional
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Inadequate _______ __or__ _________ forces cow to draw from her own body to sustain milk production
quality or quantity
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Mastitis
Inflammation of the udder

Most costly disease of dairy cattle
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What is mastitis caused by?
Usually caused by chronic infection of streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria
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What are the three main causes of mastitis?
Dirty or poorly adjusted milking equipment, poor milking practices (dirty animals), and injuries to cows because of their surroundings
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Mastitis is recognized by ___________
milker
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Detection or a symptom of mastitis is
clots or flakes in milk
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What happens to the udder when the cow has mastitis
* quarter of udder is sensitive to touch
* she kicks a lot when touching there
* swollen or hot to touch
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How to test for mastitis?
Tested for via California mastitis test
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How to treat mastitis?
Treated by intramammary injection of antibiotics

* Antibiotics in milk are illegal; not destroyed by heat
* Observe withholding periods
* Dump it down the drain or use it to feed calves
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How to avoid mastitis?
More frequent milking to reduction pathogen load and reduce growth medium (milk)
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Prior to birth, fetus is in a ___________________ environment
sterile, protected, moist, and warm
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At birth, fetus is exposed to ___________ environment
cold, dry

exposed to harmful organisms and predators
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_______ is of paramount importance and why
Milk

* survival, development, and growth of young
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Why is Colostrum important?
* Newborn has little or no immunity
* Transfer of immunoglobulins
* passive immunity transfer
* Protect from harmful microorganisms that cause illness
* Intestinal absorption of Ig lasts only 24 hours
* Intestinal wall of newborn permits antibody absorption
* Newborns must receive colostrum early
* The gut wall becomes less porous allowing little absorption
* Should have frozen colostrum on hand
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Greater variation in milm composition occurs after ________
calving
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Colostrum
Greatest variation in milk composition occurs after calving
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Transition from producing colostrum to producing normal milk takes _____________
3-5 days
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Milk not salable until the __________ milking
11th
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Composition of Colustrum
Contains antibodies, Vitamin A and D, fat, protein, most minerals
80
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Mammary gland that lactates ___________ is not genetically favorable
Continually
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Glands develop and function in concert with the _______________ cycle
reproductive
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Mammals reproduce ___________ times in their lives
multiple
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Mammogenesis
structural development or growth of mammary gland
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Lactogenesis
associated with the end of pregnancy and parturition; tissues changes from non-lactating to lactating state
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Milk secretion
synthesis of milk by epithelial cells
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Milk removal
passive removal from cisterns and ejection of milk from alveolar lumen
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Lactation
milk secretion + milk removal
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Galactopoesis
maintenance of lactation
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Suspension
Maintain attachment to the body
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Median Suspensory Ligament
Separates left and right halves of udder
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Lateral suspensory ligament
outer wall of udder
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Four Glands or Quarters
Separate from each other- milk cannot move between quarters
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Teats are ____ inches long in cow
2-2.5

hollow tubes of skin, muscle and erectile tissue hanging from udder

Valve close top and bottom; sphincter muscle closes

Bottom opening = “streak canal”
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What happens when cows are born with extra teats?
Removed less than 1 year old
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Milk collecting system explain
Many collecting ducts (large and small)

Gland cistern and teat cistern
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Alveolus
Sac-like structure with hollow center
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Basic milk-producing structure in udder

Very small \~1 million/ cu. inch
Alveolus
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Lumen lined with single layer of epithelial cells, what does the lumen do?
* Remove nutrients from the blood
* Transform nutrients into milk
* Discharge milk into the center of the alveolus
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Epithelial cells are surrounded by contractile _____________ cells involved in milk ejection
myoepithelial
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Innervation (neural system) inside udder is _______
sparse