Anatomical Path Exam 1

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physical examination of an animal after death to determine the abnormal and disease-related changes that occured during its life
necropsy
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True or False: Disease doesn't necessarily mean sickness.
True
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True or False: Learning and maintaining a systematic technique isn't mandatory when performing a necropsy examination!
False
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Why do we perform necropsies?
to determine exact cause of death, accuracy of the clinical diagnosis, effects of treatment, and risk to other animals or people
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What are the areas in which field necropsies are frequently performed:
If a suspected zoonotic disease, we can bury the body 6 feet below right in the field
It is more convenient sometimes rather than transporting a large animal
More cost efficient
Prevents any contamination to the other animals in the field
We could get quicker results rather than spending time taking them to a clinic
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Obtain owner's written permission \____________ starting the necropsy!
before
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True or False: Never freeze the body prior to necropsy!
True
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What was be recorded if an animal was euthanized?
the date, time, method
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What is the maximum time for a necropsy to be kept refrigerated?
24 hrs
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True or False: All PPE and equipment does not have to be dedicated to necropsy to prevent the spread of disease to other animals and people.
False
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Basic PPE requiered for ALL necropsy examinations include:
-scrubs
-lab coat or coveralls
-rubber boots or plastic booties over sneakers
-latex or nitrile exam gloves (2 pair)
-eye protection (glasses and/or goggles)
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True or False: Always wear a mask and goggles when working with any of these wild or exotic species.
True
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Additional PPE required when working with non-human primates:
-Latex or Nitrile gloves (2 pair)
- Full face shield
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Additional PPE required when working with avian species:
-Respirator (N95)
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The following are commonly used to perform a necropsy exam:
-necropsy knives
-scalpel handle and blades
-scissors
-forceps
-utility scissors
-ruler or measuring tape
-bone-cutting forceps
-hacksaw
-lopping shears
-string or hemostats
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The destruction of tissues and cells by their own enzymes.
autolysis
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Post-mortem autolysis and putrefaction occur simultaneously resulting in what?
decomposition
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External microbial flora and internal normal flora break down tissues which results in color change, gas production, texture changes, and odor.
Putrefaction
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What factors affect onset of post-mortem change?
-cause of death
-environment temperature
-body temperature at time of death
-microbial flora present in the body
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True or False: Bone survives for a long time after death of the body.
True
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blood pooling on the dependent(down) side of the animal after death due to gravity
livor mortis
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How long does the livor mortis proccess take till it begins?
within 30 minutes to one hour after death
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contraction of the muscles after death resulting in rigidity of the body
rigor mortis
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What are required for muscle relaxation and are depleted after death so the muscles contract?
ATP and glycogen
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How long down Rigor Mortis take to begin and how long does it last?
one to six hours after death, and lasts for 1 to 2 days
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What is another name for bloody nasal discharge?
purge fluid
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What results from pressure changes exerted on the body as it decomposes?
reddish-brown, foul-smelling discharge from the oral and nasal cavities
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the froth is only present in the distal 1/3 of the trachea
post-mortem change
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the froth extends beyond the distal 1/2 of the trachea
pulmonary edema
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can occur secondary to bloat as increase pressure is exerted on the abdominal cavity post-mortem
rectal and vaginal prolapse
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What occurs as a result of post-mortem gas production in the lumen of the GI tract?
bloating
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gas production occuring in tissues secondary to putrefaction
emphysema
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increased darkening of the pigmentation of the tissues as a result of increased pigment-like granules in cells such as macrophages in the tissue
melanosis
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Blue-green discoloration of the tissues results from the reaction of H2S production from bacterial putrefaction and iron from hemoglobin of lysed RBCs reacting to form iron sulfide
Pseudomelanosis
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Red staining of tissues due to the breakdown of vessel walls and lysis of RBCs secondary to autolysis
Hemoglobin Imbibition
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Whats the difference between a hemorrhage and hemoglobin imbibition?
-hemorrhage demonstrates sharp borders; dark red to black discoloration of tissues adjacent to normal tissues
-hemoglobin imbibition lacks a sharp border; pale pink to red discoloration; and spreads smoothly throughout an entire tissue or organ
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What is the other name of bile imbibition?
pseudoicterus
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bile leakage from the gallbladder stains surrounding tissues a yellow to greenish-brown color
bile imbibition
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Why are lymph nodes in young animals enlarged and reactive?
they are young and naiive
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What can occur after death if the animal was struggling to urinate or defecate at the time of death?
Mucosal Reddening of the Colon and Bladder
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Another name for mucosal reddening of the colon or bladder.
Tiger striped
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Clouding of the lens of the eye when the body is frozen or chilled after death.
Post-mortem cataracts
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True or False: Lenses will return to normal as the body warms.
True
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Easily confused with true cataracts at time of necropsy if preservation of the body is unknown.
Post-mortem cataracts
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Clotted blood pools after death and the heavier RBCs settle to the bottom of the clot with the yellow serum settling on the top
chicken fat clot
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Where does post- mortem blood clotting occur within several hours after death?
heart and vessels
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disease in which is transmissible from animal to man and vice versa
zoonotic disease
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disease transmitted from people to animals
reverse zoonosis (anthroponosis)
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How many zoonotic diseases are known to exist?
150
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disease caused by previously unknown agents or by known agents in a species or location previously unknown
emerging zoonosis
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How are these diseases transmitted?
-direct contact
-vector-borne transmission
-indirect contact
-placental transmission
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disease which pose significant threat to human and/or animal health
reportable disease
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Why should these diseases be reportable?
-avoid devastation to livestock and poultry populations
-prevent export bans on animals and animal-related products
-eliminate the financial burden required to control or eradicate the disease
-prevent establishment of wildlife reservoirs for disease which would complicate control and eradication
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What is the causative agent for Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium sp.
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What is the primary zoonotic agent for Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium bovis
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Who are potentially infected with tuberculosis?
humans
non human primates
cattle
rodents
other mammals
birds
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What is the mode of transmission for Tuberculosis?
-inhalation of droplets (most efficient means of zoonotic transmission)
-contaminated equipment
-contact with contaminated urine, feces, or mucus secretions
-bites
-consumption of raw products
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This disease affects every part of the body, is chronic, and is mainly characterized by pulmonary/respiratory involvement.
Tuberculosis
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What are some symptoms of Tuberculosis in humans?
-fever, fatigue, and cough
-chronic pulmonary disease (fatal)
-lungs, kidneys and vasculature are all compromised
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True or False: Tuberculosis is the highest risk for development of progessive pulmonary/extrapulmonary disease (1-2 years post infection).
True
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True or False: Tuberculosis is treatable in people with a 6-month course of antibiotics.
True
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What are some general signs of Tuberculosis in animals?
-weakness
-anorexia
-dyspnea
-emaciation
-low-grade fever
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True or False: Tuberculosis may be asymptomatic and has a history of respiratory distress.
True
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Where are granulomas typically found?
lymph nodes
spleen
liver
lung
body cavity surface
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What does the culture and staining of Tuberculosis look like?
Mycobacterium is a gram positive, acid-fast red
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What samples should be collected at necropsy for Tuberculosis diagnosis?
-culture from any abnormal lymph nodes or nodular organs (lungs, liver, spleen)
-retropharyngeal, mandibular, supramammary, and mediastinal lymph nodes, and liver
-samples for histopathology
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Should samples for Tuberculosis be sent off for testing immediately?
Yes
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True or False: Tuberculosis is a reportable disease.
True
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What is known as the Woolsorter's disease?
Anthrax
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What is the causative agent for Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
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Who are potentially infected with anthrax?
-herbivores are primary host
-ruminants are most susceptible to infection
-humans and other mammals are accidental hosts
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What are the modes of transmission for Anthrax?
-ingestion (GI tract)
-inhalation of spores
-cutaneous (skin exposure)
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What is the most common route for animals to become infected with Anthrax?
Ingestion (GI tract) due to ingestion of spores from contaminated soil
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What is the most common route for human infection with Anthrax?
Cutaneous (skin exposure)
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What are the symptoms in humans with Anthrax?
-cutaneous form
-inhalational form
-ingestion
-mortality from untreated cases
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True or False: Anthrax is not easily treated with antibiotics.
False
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True or False: Anthrax can progress to systemic bacteremia, septicemia, and death if untreated.
True
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What disease progresses to fever, chills, recumbency, shock, collapse, and death within a few hours?
Anthrax
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In Anthrax, what animals is recovery common in?
Pigs, dogs, and cats
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What will you see at necropsy of anthrax?
poorly clotted dark blood from anus, vulva, nostrils, and mouth
81
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What should carcasses be done to when dealing with Anthrax?
incinerated
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True or False: With Anthrax, necropsies can be performed.
False
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What would Anthrax look like under a microscope?
Spore forming
encapsulated
Gram-positive red
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Is Anthrax a reportable disease?
Yes
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What is also known as undalant fever, contagious abortion, or Bang's Disease?
Brucellosis
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What is the most common mode of transmission for Brucellosis?
contact with placenta, fetus, fetal fluids, and vaginal discharge
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Which disease is humans primarily infected cutaneously via contact with infected tissues/fluids?
Brucellosis
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Which is one of the most serious diseases of livestock because it spreads so rapidly and is transmissible to humans?
Brucellosis
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True or False: Anthrax is the most easily acquired laboratory infection.
False, Brucellosis
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What are some symptoms in humans that have Brucellosis?
-flu-like symptoms
-fever, aches, bacteremia, and granulomatous lesions
-severe complications
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What happens to cattle with Brucellosis?
-abortions
-stillbirths
-weak calves
-testicular abscesses
-arthritis
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What happen to horses with Brucellosis?
-fistulous withers/poll-evil
-abortions are rare
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With Brucellosis, cattle at necropsy would have what throughout the reproductive tract, mammary tissues, spleen, liver, LN, kidneys, and lungs?
purulent lesions and granulomas
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Which Brucellosis species is a reportable disease?
B. abortus
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True or False: Brucellosis is destroyed by heat and sunlight exposure.
True
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What are some sample collections with Brucellosis?
-stomach contents from aborted feti
-afterbirth, placenta, fetal tissues
-LN, spleen, liver, milk, semen, infected lesions
-blood and serum
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What does Brucellosis look like under a microscope?
Gram negative coccobacilli (shortened rods)
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What is another name for the Bubonic Plague?
Black Death
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What is the causative agent for Bubonic Plague?
Yersenia pestis
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Who becomes infected with Bubonic Plague?
rodents: prairie dogs, squirrels, rats, field mice
-sometimes humans, rabbits, and cats