Anatomical Path Exam 1

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physical examination of an animal after death to determine the abnormal and disease-related changes that occured during its life

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physical examination of an animal after death to determine the abnormal and disease-related changes that occured during its life

necropsy

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True or False: Disease doesn't necessarily mean sickness.

True

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True or False: Learning and maintaining a systematic technique isn't mandatory when performing a necropsy examination!

False

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Why do we perform necropsies?

to determine exact cause of death, accuracy of the clinical diagnosis, effects of treatment, and risk to other animals or people

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What are the areas in which field necropsies are frequently performed:

If a suspected zoonotic disease, we can bury the body 6 feet below right in the field It is more convenient sometimes rather than transporting a large animal More cost efficient Prevents any contamination to the other animals in the field We could get quicker results rather than spending time taking them to a clinic

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Obtain owner's written permission ____________ starting the necropsy!

before

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True or False: Never freeze the body prior to necropsy!

True

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What was be recorded if an animal was euthanized?

the date, time, method

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What is the maximum time for a necropsy to be kept refrigerated?

24 hrs

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True or False: All PPE and equipment does not have to be dedicated to necropsy to prevent the spread of disease to other animals and people.

False

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Basic PPE requiered for ALL necropsy examinations include:

-scrubs -lab coat or coveralls -rubber boots or plastic booties over sneakers -latex or nitrile exam gloves (2 pair) -eye protection (glasses and/or goggles)

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True or False: Always wear a mask and goggles when working with any of these wild or exotic species.

True

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Additional PPE required when working with non-human primates:

-Latex or Nitrile gloves (2 pair)

  • Full face shield

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Additional PPE required when working with avian species:

-Respirator (N95)

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The following are commonly used to perform a necropsy exam:

-necropsy knives -scalpel handle and blades -scissors -forceps -utility scissors -ruler or measuring tape -bone-cutting forceps -hacksaw -lopping shears -string or hemostats

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The destruction of tissues and cells by their own enzymes.

autolysis

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Post-mortem autolysis and putrefaction occur simultaneously resulting in what?

decomposition

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External microbial flora and internal normal flora break down tissues which results in color change, gas production, texture changes, and odor.

Putrefaction

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What factors affect onset of post-mortem change?

-cause of death -environment temperature -body temperature at time of death -microbial flora present in the body

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True or False: Bone survives for a long time after death of the body.

True

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blood pooling on the dependent(down) side of the animal after death due to gravity

livor mortis

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How long does the livor mortis proccess take till it begins?

within 30 minutes to one hour after death

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contraction of the muscles after death resulting in rigidity of the body

rigor mortis

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What are required for muscle relaxation and are depleted after death so the muscles contract?

ATP and glycogen

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How long down Rigor Mortis take to begin and how long does it last?

one to six hours after death, and lasts for 1 to 2 days

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What is another name for bloody nasal discharge?

purge fluid

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What results from pressure changes exerted on the body as it decomposes?

reddish-brown, foul-smelling discharge from the oral and nasal cavities

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the froth is only present in the distal 1/3 of the trachea

post-mortem change

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the froth extends beyond the distal 1/2 of the trachea

pulmonary edema

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can occur secondary to bloat as increase pressure is exerted on the abdominal cavity post-mortem

rectal and vaginal prolapse

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What occurs as a result of post-mortem gas production in the lumen of the GI tract?

bloating

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gas production occuring in tissues secondary to putrefaction

emphysema

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increased darkening of the pigmentation of the tissues as a result of increased pigment-like granules in cells such as macrophages in the tissue

melanosis

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Blue-green discoloration of the tissues results from the reaction of H2S production from bacterial putrefaction and iron from hemoglobin of lysed RBCs reacting to form iron sulfide

Pseudomelanosis

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Red staining of tissues due to the breakdown of vessel walls and lysis of RBCs secondary to autolysis

Hemoglobin Imbibition

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Whats the difference between a hemorrhage and hemoglobin imbibition?

-hemorrhage demonstrates sharp borders; dark red to black discoloration of tissues adjacent to normal tissues -hemoglobin imbibition lacks a sharp border; pale pink to red discoloration; and spreads smoothly throughout an entire tissue or organ

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What is the other name of bile imbibition?

pseudoicterus

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bile leakage from the gallbladder stains surrounding tissues a yellow to greenish-brown color

bile imbibition

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Why are lymph nodes in young animals enlarged and reactive?

they are young and naiive

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What can occur after death if the animal was struggling to urinate or defecate at the time of death?

Mucosal Reddening of the Colon and Bladder

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Another name for mucosal reddening of the colon or bladder.

Tiger striped

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Clouding of the lens of the eye when the body is frozen or chilled after death.

Post-mortem cataracts

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True or False: Lenses will return to normal as the body warms.

True

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Easily confused with true cataracts at time of necropsy if preservation of the body is unknown.

Post-mortem cataracts

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Clotted blood pools after death and the heavier RBCs settle to the bottom of the clot with the yellow serum settling on the top

chicken fat clot

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Where does post- mortem blood clotting occur within several hours after death?

heart and vessels

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disease in which is transmissible from animal to man and vice versa

zoonotic disease

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disease transmitted from people to animals

reverse zoonosis (anthroponosis)

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How many zoonotic diseases are known to exist?

150

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disease caused by previously unknown agents or by known agents in a species or location previously unknown

emerging zoonosis

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How are these diseases transmitted?

-direct contact -vector-borne transmission -indirect contact -placental transmission

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disease which pose significant threat to human and/or animal health

reportable disease

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Why should these diseases be reportable?

-avoid devastation to livestock and poultry populations -prevent export bans on animals and animal-related products -eliminate the financial burden required to control or eradicate the disease -prevent establishment of wildlife reservoirs for disease which would complicate control and eradication

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What is the causative agent for Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium sp.

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What is the primary zoonotic agent for Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium bovis

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Who are potentially infected with tuberculosis?

humans non human primates cattle rodents other mammals birds

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What is the mode of transmission for Tuberculosis?

-inhalation of droplets (most efficient means of zoonotic transmission) -contaminated equipment -contact with contaminated urine, feces, or mucus secretions -bites -consumption of raw products

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This disease affects every part of the body, is chronic, and is mainly characterized by pulmonary/respiratory involvement.

Tuberculosis

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What are some symptoms of Tuberculosis in humans?

-fever, fatigue, and cough -chronic pulmonary disease (fatal) -lungs, kidneys and vasculature are all compromised

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True or False: Tuberculosis is the highest risk for development of progessive pulmonary/extrapulmonary disease (1-2 years post infection).

True

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True or False: Tuberculosis is treatable in people with a 6-month course of antibiotics.

True

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What are some general signs of Tuberculosis in animals?

-weakness -anorexia -dyspnea -emaciation -low-grade fever

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True or False: Tuberculosis may be asymptomatic and has a history of respiratory distress.

True

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Where are granulomas typically found?

lymph nodes spleen liver lung body cavity surface

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What does the culture and staining of Tuberculosis look like?

Mycobacterium is a gram positive, acid-fast red

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What samples should be collected at necropsy for Tuberculosis diagnosis?

-culture from any abnormal lymph nodes or nodular organs (lungs, liver, spleen) -retropharyngeal, mandibular, supramammary, and mediastinal lymph nodes, and liver -samples for histopathology

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Should samples for Tuberculosis be sent off for testing immediately?

Yes

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True or False: Tuberculosis is a reportable disease.

True

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What is known as the Woolsorter's disease?

Anthrax

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What is the causative agent for Anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

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Who are potentially infected with anthrax?

-herbivores are primary host -ruminants are most susceptible to infection -humans and other mammals are accidental hosts

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What are the modes of transmission for Anthrax?

-ingestion (GI tract) -inhalation of spores -cutaneous (skin exposure)

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What is the most common route for animals to become infected with Anthrax?

Ingestion (GI tract) due to ingestion of spores from contaminated soil

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What is the most common route for human infection with Anthrax?

Cutaneous (skin exposure)

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What are the symptoms in humans with Anthrax?

-cutaneous form -inhalational form -ingestion -mortality from untreated cases

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True or False: Anthrax is not easily treated with antibiotics.

False

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True or False: Anthrax can progress to systemic bacteremia, septicemia, and death if untreated.

True

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What disease progresses to fever, chills, recumbency, shock, collapse, and death within a few hours?

Anthrax

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In Anthrax, what animals is recovery common in?

Pigs, dogs, and cats

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What will you see at necropsy of anthrax?

poorly clotted dark blood from anus, vulva, nostrils, and mouth

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What should carcasses be done to when dealing with Anthrax?

incinerated

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True or False: With Anthrax, necropsies can be performed.

False

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What would Anthrax look like under a microscope?

Spore forming encapsulated Gram-positive red

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Is Anthrax a reportable disease?

Yes

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