Studied by 1 personorganic vs inorganic chemistry
properties of hydrocarbons
sketch + example of hydroxyl
sketch + example of carbonyl
sketch + example of carboxyl
sketch + example of amine
sketch + example of phosphate
Define metabolism, monomer, polymer
anabolism vs catabolism
Why carbon is important
How theory of vitalism was falsified
State monomer, polymer and bond in carbohydrates
State monomer, polymer and bond in lipids
State monomer, polymer and bond in proteins
State monomer, polymer and bond in nucleic acids
Formula for unsaturated fatty acid
Draw glucose (alpha-D) and ribose
How to identify carbs, proteins, nucleic acids based on their chemical formula
Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Draw an annotated water molecule diagram
Why water is polar
Explain cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water - outline + explain property, give example of exploitation
Describe solubility in water and how these are carried in blood - glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, sodium chloride
Consequences of not cooling human body to cells
What makes water a good coolant and how it is exploited by the body
Compare thermal properties of water vs methane
3 examples of monosaccharides
annotate and complete diagram of maltose + word equation, what else is needed for reaction
monosaccharide, produced by what, and commonly found in what of - maltose, lactose, sucrose
size/number of molecules, orientation/bonding, straight or bent, branched or not, properties, function of - cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
compare + contrast structure of glucose, fructose, sucrose
compare + contrast structure of cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
generalized structure of fatty acid
describe saturation, unsaturation, polysaturation
structure, synthesis, positioning of hydrogen, shape, packing, triglyceride temperature of - cis and trans isomers
describe health risks of trans fats and saturated fatty acids
causes and effects of CHD, evidence that it is caused by trans/saturated fats
structure of glycerol
annotate diagram of three fatty acids + glycerol, describe reaction, word equation
what is produced when energy in carbs is released
what is chemical energy stored as glucose for immediate use used for
where is glycogen stored, why it is used in preference to lipids
where are lipids stored
advantages lipids have over carbohydrates in long-term energy storage
formula for bmi, height vs bmi, disadvantages
corresponding values in bmi table (underweight, normal, overweight, obese)
how are polypeptides formed and what is needed
draw annotated diagram of two generalised amino acids bonding
how many amino acids do we know of, how many are synthesised by ribosomes
three examples of amino acids
why is there a wide range of possible polypeptides
how many possible polypeptides with 8 amino acids
longest polypeptide known and how many amino acids it has
outline central dogma of genetics
properties r-groups of amino acids can possess
outline four different levels of protein structure, fibrous/globular
function of rubisco, insulin, immunoglobin, rhodopsin, collagen
contrast fibrous and globular proteins - r group location, shape, function, solubility, amino acid sequence, stability, examples
define genome, proteome
what affects proteome except genome, why proteome is larger than genome
describe denaturation: refer to structure of protein
what and how do factors cause denaturation
define enzyme, active site, substrate, product, catalyst
describe three examples of enzymes + their substrate and product
suffix applied to enzymes
what properties do active site and substrate complement each other in
explain enzyme specificity using lock-and-key model
what do polar regions of amino acids on the active site do
describe induced fit model, using lock and key theory, conformational change and activation energy
Explain effects of temperature, ph, and substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme reaction using graphs
list common uses of enzymes in industry
describe advantages of immobilising enzymes
list ways in which enzymes can be immobilised
state commercial reasons lactose free milk is produced
outline process by which lactose-free is produced by immobilised enzymes
where is lactase found
what is an immobilized enzyme
symptoms of lactose intolerance
why don't some people produce sufficient amounts of lactase
define metabolism
give examples of the failure of enzymes controlling a metabolic pathway that leads to metabolic disorders
explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions
distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions using graphs and a description
explain the effects of a competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity with a diagram
give a specific example of a competitive inhibitor
explain the effects of a non-competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity with a diagram
give a specific example of a non-competitive inhibitor
describe impact of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on reaction rate using a graph
outline how metabolic pathways are controlled by end-product inhibition using a diagram
give a specific example of end-product inhibition
outline how bioinformatic databases are used to identify potential new drugs
state example of a metabolic pathway that forms a chain
state example of metabolic pathway that forms a cycle
define cell respiration
describe how ATP acts as energy currency for cells
compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
outline purpose and products of fermentation
compare oxidation and reduction
draw a labelled diagram of mitochondria
explain glycolysis using a diagram
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