Topic 2 - Molecular Biology

organic vs inorganic chemistry

properties of hydrocarbons

sketch + example of hydroxyl

sketch + example of carbonyl

sketch + example of carboxyl

sketch + example of amine

sketch + example of phosphate

Define metabolism, monomer, polymer

anabolism vs catabolism

Why carbon is important

How theory of vitalism was falsified

State monomer, polymer and bond in carbohydrates

State monomer, polymer and bond in lipids

State monomer, polymer and bond in proteins

State monomer, polymer and bond in nucleic acids

Formula for unsaturated fatty acid

Draw glucose (alpha-D) and ribose

How to identify carbs, proteins, nucleic acids based on their chemical formula

Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Draw an annotated water molecule diagram

Why water is polar

Explain cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water - outline + explain property, give example of exploitation

Describe solubility in water and how these are carried in blood - glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, sodium chloride

Consequences of not cooling human body to cells

What makes water a good coolant and how it is exploited by the body

Compare thermal properties of water vs methane

3 examples of monosaccharides

annotate and complete diagram of maltose + word equation, what else is needed for reaction

monosaccharide, produced by what, and commonly found in what of - maltose, lactose, sucrose

size/number of molecules, orientation/bonding, straight or bent, branched or not, properties, function of - cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

compare + contrast structure of glucose, fructose, sucrose

compare + contrast structure of cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

generalized structure of fatty acid

describe saturation, unsaturation, polysaturation

structure, synthesis, positioning of hydrogen, shape, packing, triglyceride temperature of - cis and trans isomers

describe health risks of trans fats and saturated fatty acids

causes and effects of CHD, evidence that it is caused by trans/saturated fats

structure of glycerol

annotate diagram of three fatty acids + glycerol, describe reaction, word equation

what is produced when energy in carbs is released

what is chemical energy stored as glucose for immediate use used for

where is glycogen stored, why it is used in preference to lipids

where are lipids stored

advantages lipids have over carbohydrates in long-term energy storage

formula for bmi, height vs bmi, disadvantages

corresponding values in bmi table (underweight, normal, overweight, obese)

how are polypeptides formed and what is needed

draw annotated diagram of two generalised amino acids bonding

how many amino acids do we know of, how many are synthesised by ribosomes

three examples of amino acids

why is there a wide range of possible polypeptides

how many possible polypeptides with 8 amino acids

longest polypeptide known and how many amino acids it has

outline central dogma of genetics

properties r-groups of amino acids can possess

outline four different levels of protein structure, fibrous/globular

function of rubisco, insulin, immunoglobin, rhodopsin, collagen

contrast fibrous and globular proteins - r group location, shape, function, solubility, amino acid sequence, stability, examples

define genome, proteome

what affects proteome except genome, why proteome is larger than genome

describe denaturation: refer to structure of protein

what and how do factors cause denaturation

define enzyme, active site, substrate, product, catalyst

describe three examples of enzymes + their substrate and product

suffix applied to enzymes

what properties do active site and substrate complement each other in

explain enzyme specificity using lock-and-key model

what do polar regions of amino acids on the active site do

describe induced fit model, using lock and key theory, conformational change and activation energy

Explain effects of temperature, ph, and substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme reaction using graphs

list common uses of enzymes in industry

describe advantages of immobilising enzymes

list ways in which enzymes can be immobilised

state commercial reasons lactose free milk is produced

outline process by which lactose-free is produced by immobilised enzymes

where is lactase found

what is an immobilized enzyme

symptoms of lactose intolerance

why don't some people produce sufficient amounts of lactase

define metabolism

give examples of the failure of enzymes controlling a metabolic pathway that leads to metabolic disorders

explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions

distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions using graphs and a description

explain the effects of a competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity with a diagram

give a specific example of a competitive inhibitor

explain the effects of a non-competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity with a diagram

give a specific example of a non-competitive inhibitor

describe impact of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on reaction rate using a graph

outline how metabolic pathways are controlled by end-product inhibition using a diagram

give a specific example of end-product inhibition

outline how bioinformatic databases are used to identify potential new drugs

state example of a metabolic pathway that forms a chain

state example of metabolic pathway that forms a cycle

define cell respiration

describe how ATP acts as energy currency for cells

compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

outline purpose and products of fermentation

compare oxidation and reduction

draw a labelled diagram of mitochondria

explain glycolysis using a diagram