microbio exam 2

capsule

capsule

a highly organized glycocalyx that is used for attachment and serves as a virulence factor

sex pilus

a specialize pilus used for the direct exchange of dna between bacteria

peritrichous

a cell covered in flagella

ribosome

a non membranous organelles used for proteins synthesis

mitochondria

the organelle that produces much of the energy for the cell

peptidoglycan

complex molecule found only in bacteria composed of carbohydrate chains held together with peptide chains

coccus

bacterium with a spherical or round shape

nucleoid region

region of a prokaryotic cell in which the dna is condensed

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle lacking ribosome used for lipid synthesis and storage

prokaryote

small single celled organisms that lack membrane bound organelles

slime layer

a disorganized glycocalyx that is used for attachment

cilia

short hair like structure bound to the eukaryotic cell membrane used to move fluids over the surface of the cells

rough endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle studded with ribosome that contributes to proteins synthesis

eukaryote

large single cell or multicellular organisms that contain membrane bound organelles

pinocytosis

a process that takes small molecules into the cell through a ruffing of the cell membrane creating a vesicle

receptor mediated endocytosis

a process for the uptake of large molecules in which the molecule bind to receptors on the cell causing an invagination and creating a vesicle

plasmid

a piece of extrachromosomal dna

gram positive

bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide

lipid that composes the upper layer of the outer membrane in gran negative bacteria

proteasome

an organelle composed of proteins complexes that contain proteases that cut proteins chains

nucleus

the organelle that houses the genome of the cell

endocytosis

the process of a cell taking up large polar molecules that will not fit through proteins channels in the cell membrane or pass through the phospholipids by creating a vesicle

differential stain technique

a staining technique that uses two or more stains to colorize and differentiate cells

lophobranchs

having a tuft flagella at one pole of the cell

endospore

tough dormant environmentally resistant stage of a bacterium

cytoskeleton

the inner structural support system of a eukaryotic cell composed of protein tubules

genome

the dna of an organism

cytoplasm

all the structures found inside the cell membrane

bilayer

two layers of a molecule

bacillus

bacterium that is rod shaped

cell wall

outer most covering of a bacterium

periplasmic space

the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane

fimbriae

short stubby hair like projects on the cells of bacteria that primarily used to attachment

monotrichous

having one polar flagellum

cell membrane

a phospholipid bilayer found under the cell wall or in direct contact with the environment

spirochete

a spiral or corkscrew shaped bacterium

coccobacillus

bacterium that is shaped like a stunted rod

phagocytosis

a process of taking large molecules or pathogens into a cell via the cell membrane folding outward and surrounding the molecule creating a vesicle

gram negatives

bacteria with a smaller layer of peptidoglycan than gram positives

peroxisome

an organelle in the form of a vesicle that contains oxidative enzymes that require oxygen

lysosome

an organelle in the form of a vesicle that housed lysozymes

acid fast

bacteria that have a complex cell wall composed of a mycolic acid and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

glycocalyx

an additional outer layer found in some bacteria composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide

simple stain technique

a staining technique that uses only one stain to colorize cells

outer membrane

outer layer of lipid that composes the gram negative cell wall

exocytosis

the removal of large molecules from a small by packaging then in a vesicle of lipid that fuses with the cell membrane and releases the molecules out of the cell

lysozyme

a hydrolytic enzyme

amphitrichous

have one polar flagella at each end of the cell

teichoic acids

molecules embedded in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

arrangement

groupings of bacteria that do not grow individually

flagellum

a long tail like structure that allows bacteria to move directionally

inclusion bodies

small storages pockets or granules on the inside of bacterial cell

golgi apparatus

an organelle that packages molecules produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for transport throughout and outside of the cell

osmotic stress

stress induced by a change in solute concentration in the external environment that causes the cell to either gain or lose water

axial filament

flagella found within the periplasmic space of spirochete bacteria

growth factors

molecules required in the diet of a bacteria to reproduce

substrate level phosphorylation

a chemical reaction in which a phosphate is added to ADP to create ATP

The TCA cycle

the second step in cellular respiration in which acetyl CoA is used to create ATP NADDH and FADH2

autotroph

organisms that can make their own energy from inorganic sources

thermophile

microbes that grow at high temps ranging from 42c-80c

psychrophile

microbes that grow at cold temperatures ranging form -5c to 15c

obligate anaerobe

microbes that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

chemiosmosis

the movement of H+ back through the membrane via an enzyme to create large amounts of ATP

generation time

the time it takes to complete one round of binary fission

heterotroph

organisms that must intake preformed organic molecules to make energy

microaerophile

microbes that require oxygen to grow and survive, bun in a specific amount less that atmospheric oxygen

psychrotroph

microbes that grow at moderate temperatures ranging from 0c to 25c

combination media

media that are both selective and differential

electron transport chain

consists of a series of proteins embedded in a membrane that are electron acceptors and pump H+ out of the cell to help generate ATP

selective media

media that contain toxic compounds that retards the growth of certain bacteria

enriched media

media that contain specific growth factors that encourage the growth of fastidious and unfastidious bacteria

cellular respiration

the most common form of atp production found among fungi and animals and is highly efficient at producing atp

differential media

media that indicate a specific biochemical pathway used by bacteria by creating a color change in the media

atp synthase

the enzyme used in chemiosmosis to create large amounts of atp

glycolysis

the first step in cellular respiration in which a glucose molecule is broken down

hyperthermophile

microbes that grow at extremally high temperatures ranging form 68c to 105c

binary fission

the mechanism by which bacteria asexually reproduce create one offspring from one parent

culture

growth of bacteria on/in a medium in the lab

obligate aerobe

microbes that require oxygen to grow and survive

complex media

media in which the exact ingredient (at a chemical level) and their precise amounts are unknown and are used for growing nonfastidious bacteria

hemolysis

lysis of RBCs

agar

a solid and semisolid medium

bacterial growth curve

the consistent growth patterns of bacteria in a medium

oxidative phosphorylation

a chemical reaction that couples phosphorylation with the oxidation of molecules to create ATP

hemolysins

a groups of enzymes that break down the plasma membrane of RBCs to varying degrees

fermentation

anaerobic substrate level phosphorylation that produce small amounts of ATP of the cell

anabolism

metabolic reactions that require energy

facultative anaerobe

microbe that grow in the presence or absence of oxygen by using cellular respiration when oxygen is present and fermentation pathways when oxygen is absent

fastidious bacteria

bacteria that cannot be cultured or are difficult to culture in the lab

aerotolerant

microbes taht grow in the presence or absence of oxygen but do not use oxygen

respiration

a complex set of chemical reactions that can be aerobic or anerobic and includes substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation to produce large amounts of ATP

mesophile

microbes that grow at mild temps ranging form 5c to 45c

chemically defined media

media that contain precise amount of ingredients and specific growth factors to culture fastidious bacteria

catabolism

metabolic reactions that create energy

media

an artificial growth nutrient that provide all the nutrients and conditions a microbe needs for growth in a lab setting

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reaction within a cell or organism

acidophile

microbes that require a pH < 6.5 to grow, with an optimal pH between 3 and 4

neutrophile

microbes that prefer a pH between 6.5 and 7.5 to grow

microbial growth

an increase in the number of microbes

alkaphile

microbes that require pH>7.5, grows with an optimum pH of 9.5