AP World History - Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Why did Europe colonize so aggressively?

Industrialism was in full force and Europe needed raw materials not available in their countries - gave countries great wealth

Transnational Businesses

international corporations that strengthened Europe’s economic power in Asia and Africa

European Justification for Colonization

Europe was ethnocentric - other cultures were barbaric and uncivilized:


1. **Social Darwinists**: applied natural selection to sociology - there were dominant races or classes, therefore Britain was the most powerful/fit
2. They had a moral obligation to civilize others (“**White Man’s Burden**”)

Desirability of India

* Had many luxuries to Europeans - tea, sugar, silk, salt, jute
* Very vulnerable to external powers after wars in 18th century Mughal empire and religious conflict

Seven Year’s War

France and England battled each other for colonial superiority and Britain won

British East India Company

Joint-stock company like a multinational corporation - had exclusive British trade rights in India - led by **Robert Clive**

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Indians who worked for British as soldiers were called Sepoys - they rebelled against British Muslim/Hindu disrespect, but failed

Empress of India

Queen Victoria - above almost 300 million Indian subjects

* Sent last ruler of Mughal Empire Bahadur Shah II into exile

Indian National Congress (1885)

group of Indians formed fighting for independence - wouldn’t be achieved until mid-20th century

Before European Imperialism in China

Up until 1830s, Europe could only trade with China in city of Canton - China was relatively isolationist, until Europe gained industrial power

Opium Wars

British traders brought Opium to China in 1773 and widespread addiction was caused - forbidden and seized in 1839

* Britain wanted to continue trade, so brought war to China
* Second Opium War occurred in 1856 for four years when Britain tried to further trade and China lost again - all of China opened to trade

Treaty of Nanjing

Before second Opium War - China forced to sign **unequal treaty** that gave Britain considerable rights to expand trade with China

White Lotus Rebellions (beginning of 18th century)

Chinese Buddhists who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption

Taiping Rebellion (mid-18th century)

Chinese rebels led by religious zealot who almost succeeded in taking down Manchu government

Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s)

Chinese Manchu Dynasty attempt to get its act together, which failed

When did Korea declare independence from China?

1876

Sino-French War (1883)

Chinese lost control of Vietnam

Sino-Japanese War (1894)

China defeated by Japan in war over influence in Korea

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

China forced to hand control of Taiwan to Japan and give them trading rights

Open Door Policy (1900)

US pledged to support sovereignty of Chinese government and equal trading to prevent full British takeover - despite barring Chinese immigrants from US in 1882 (**Chinese Exclusion Act**)

Boxers

Chinese peasant nationalists attempted to rebel by slaughtering Christian missionaries and controlling foreign embassies in response to government’s defeats and concessions to the West, but failed

Boxer Protocol (1901)

China forced to pay Europeans and Japanese Boxer rebellion costs

Crumbling of Chinese Culture

Lost almost all their areas of influence in the past decades, leading to imperial government ending in 1911 and a republic established

Japan before Europe Imperialism

Japan kept Europeans away in 17th and 18th centuries - until European and US appetite for power intensified and **Commodore Matthew Perry** arrived from US in a steamboat in 1853 - Japan felt obligated to join industrialized world

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Trade agreement with Japan and the West - Samurai revolted against shogun who ratified it and restored Emperor Meiji to power

Meiji Restoration

Era of Japanese westernization - Japan became a world power

* 1870s: built railways and steamships, abolished samurai warrior class
* Prioritized military power - took control of Korea and Taiwan from China in 1895 - military pageantry became a cultural movement
* 1890s: Japan became powerful enough to reduce European and US influence

Europeans and Interior Africa

Remained unknown to Europeans - only costal regions used for limited trade, ship stopping points, and the slave trade

Europe Abolishes the Slave Trade

1807-1820 - most European nations abolished slave trade as Enlightenment principles gained more force

* slavery officially abolished a few decades later
* No new enslaved people entered Europe but those still in slavery were not free until mid-century

Imperialism in South Africa

Dutch first arrived and settled Cape Town - British seized it in 1795

Boer War (1899-1902)

South African Dutch (Boers) moved northeast and discovered diamonds and gold - British followed and fought the Boer War to gain rights to resources, which they won

Industrialization in Europe

When Napoleon tried to take control of Egypt in 18th century during the weak Ottoman rule, **Muhammad Ali** defeated the French and the ruling Ottoman Empire in 1805 - began industrialization and agriculture expansions

Suez Canal

Constructed by Egypt with French and completed in 1869 - connected Mediterranean to Indian Ocean (eventually British took control of it too)

Berlin Conference (1884)

Otto van Bismarck hosted European powers in Berlin in 1884 to discuss land claims in African Congo - encouraging colonialism

* By 1914, almost all of Africa was colonized by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium (except Ethiopia and Liberia)

Europe Imperialism in Africa

* Europeans added substantial infrastructure to the continent, but stripped Africa of resources


* Most exercised direct rule and implementation of customs over African people
* Disregarded African boundaries, cut tribal land in half or forced enemy tribes together, ignoring history and culture
* Traditional African culture also started falling apart

Monroe Doctrine

US President Monroe declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to Europeans in 1823 - Britain agreed out of fear of Spain’s potential actions

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

US would be responsible for intervening in financial disputes between Americas and Europe, if to maintain peace because Europe was still investing in Latin industry

Panama Canal

US was exercising own imperialism over Latin America - built their **Panama Canal** in Panama

Spanish-American War (1898)

US aided Cuba in their conflict with Spain

* defeated Spain and gained control over Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba (given independence in exchange for construction of US military bases)

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