fluid balance test

is a kidney disorder where the filters in your kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak too much protein into the urine

nephrosis

right kidney is lower than left kidney

ptosis

is inflammation of the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter waste products from the blood.

nephritis

a specialized structure in the kidney that regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate

juxtaglomerular apparatus

refers to the concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) in the blood and urine, which the kidneys regulate to maintain fluid balance

osmolarity

These medications increase urine production to remove excess salt and water from the body, which helps lower blood pressure and reduce swelling (edema)

diuretics

a hormone released from the pituitary in cases of increased sodium concentrations causing the kidneys to retain water.

ADH

lines the parts of the kidney that handle urine, specifically the renal calyces and renal pelvis. This specialized tissue is a protective, stratified layer that can stretch to accommodate urine, preventing damage and acting as a barrier against the harmful effects of urine

transitional epithelium

the process of emptying the bladder, also known as urination

micturition

sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, which are vital for fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

electrolyte

The kidneys filter ______ l of fluid per day, your entire blood plasma ___ times per day

200, 60

The kidneys sit at the level of the ___ vertebra to the ___ vertebra

12th thoracic, 3rd lumbar

The kidney is about ____ inches long, _____ inches wide, and weighs about ___.

5 1/2 , 3, 5 oz

The ____ sits on the ____ aspect of the kidneys and functions in the ____ system.

adrenal gland, superior, endocrine

Allows for the passage of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

ureters

Ureters are ______ made of ____ muscle, lined with ______

muscular tubes, smooth, transitional epithelium

The ureters prevent _____

backflow of urine

As the bladder is filled the _____ ends of the ureter _____

distal, close

Urine passes from the ____ to the _____ via _______

kidneys, bladder, peristalsis

The _____ is a muscular sac that sits on the pelvic floor and is lined with ______

bladder, transitional epithelium

The bladder is the temporary _______ for urine

storage place

The bladder contains rugae that allow for ______ as it _____

stretching, fills

The triangular area of the bladder with no rugae is is called

trigone

The trigone is located between the _______ of the _____ and the _____ of the _______

entrance, ureters, exit, urethra

The bladder on average can hold up to ____ of urine

2 pints

The bladder has _____ that signal for emptying

stretch receptors

The _____ is a smooth muscular tube that drains the bladder

urethra

_____ regulate the emptying of the bladder

sphincters

Internal urethral sphincters are under _____ while external urethral sphincters are under_____ control

involuntary, voluntary

The location at which the blood vessels enter and exit as well as the ureters is the

renal hilus

Is made of dense fibrous CT and helps keep the kidney in place

renal fascia

fat that cushions and protects the kidneys, contributes to maintain positioning

adipose capsule

closely adhered to the outer surface, is fibrous and protective

renal capsule

2 major layers of the kidneys

cortex, medulla

the outermost layer of the kidney that is lighter in color and granular

cortex

this layer is generally considered to contain the nephrons

cortex

____ tissue dips down into the medullary area between the ______ 

cortical, pyramids

area between the renal pyramids

renal columns

functional units of the kidney

nephrons

the middle layer of the kidney that is darker in color

medulla

triangular shaped portions of the medulla

medullary pyramids

____ ducts are contained within the pyramids

collecting

the innermost layer of the kidney

renal sinus

the renal sinus is composed of the _____ and the _____

calyces, renal pelvis

the renal sinus leads to the _____

ureters

Blood supply through the kidneys

Aorta → Renal Artery → Segmental Artery → Lobar Artery → Interlobar Artery → Arcuate Artery → Interlobular Artery → Afferent Arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent Arteriole → Peritubular Capillaries or Vasa Recta → Interlobular Vein → Arcuate Vein → Interlobar Vein → Lobar Vein → Renal Vein → Inferior Vena Cava

The 4 parts of the nephron are

1. Bowmans Capsule

2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule

3. Loop of Henle

4. Distal Convoluted Tubule

The two types of nephrons are

1. cortical

2. juxtamedullary

as blood flows into the kidneys to be _____, the network of blood _____ works in conjunction with the _____.

filtered, vessels, nephron

the tubular system of the kidney is the ____

nephron

nephrons empty into ___

collecting ducts

True or False: Collecting ducts are part of the nephron

false

The nephron is officially the ____ and the _____ together

corpuscle, tubule

____ is the name for the nephron together with the collecting duct

uriniferous tubule

The ______ convoluted tubule connects to Bowmans capsule

proximal

The ______ convoluted tubule connects to the collecting duct

distal

Glomerulus + Bowmans Capsule = ____

Renal Corpuscle

_____ nephrons arise higher in the cortex and have a shorter loop of henle

cortical

cortical nephrons have ______ that surround the PCT and DCT

peritubular capillaries

Cortical nephrons make up ____ % of nephrons

85

Cortical nephron functions include

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

____ nephrons arise lower in the cortex and have a long loop of henle

juxtamedullary

juxtamedullary nephrons have ____ that surround the loop of henle

vasa recta

juxtamedullary nephrons make up ____% of nephrons

15

juxtamedullary nephrons function in

the countercurrent mechanism

The JGA is made of _____ cells, smooth muscle cells from the arteriole, and the _____ cells of the distal tubule

granular, macula densa

smooth muscle cells from the arteriole contain ____ that detects _______ changes

renin, blood pressure

The JGA functions _____

hormonally

____ is glove like and encapsulates the ______

bowmans capsule, glomerulus

the glomerulus is made of _____ and is a network of capillaries that have _____

fenestrated endothelium, fenestrations

Fenestrations allows ____ of materials from blood into _____

filtration, bowmans capsule

Fenestrations allow everything to be filtered except ____ and ____

cells, large proteins

Cells called _____ from bowmans capsule adhere to the ____ in such a way that spaces called _____ are formed

podocytes, glomerulus, filtration slits

filtration slits are responsible for

determining what can be filtered

3 major steps in urine formation

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

Permeability changes are due to ______ changes allowing for the 3 steps in urine formation

epithelial

this process happens at the corpuscle

filtration

is the process by which the fluid portion of blood and dissolved substances are pushed out of the glomerulus and enter the tubular system of the nephron at the bowmans capsule

filtration

Filtration is a ___ and ____ process that is dependent upon _____ within the ______

passive, non selective, pressure, glomerulus

is the rate at which fluid is filtered per _

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), minute

Normal GFR is about

125 mL/min

Filtration is dependent on these 3 forces

1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

2. Osmotic Pressure

3. Capsular Pressure

__ is the pressure that pushes fluids out of the blood (soaker hose)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure is ___ mmHg

55

__ is the pressure from within the glomerulus against fluid loss (sponges)

osmotic pressure

osmotic pressure is established by ___ and ___

cells, proteins

osmotic pressure is ___ mmHg

30

__ is the pressure from within the capsule against fluid entry (tape/bowmans capsule glove)

capsular pressure

capsular pressure is ___ mmHg

15

is the driving force that causes fluid + solutes to move of out glomerular capillaries and into bowmans capsule initiating the filtration process

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

NFP corresponds with

GFR

What happens to GFR as pressure increases?

it increases

NFP equation

NFP = glomerular pressure - (osmotic pressure + capsular pressure)

NFP = 55 - (30 + 15)

NFP = 55 - 45

NFP = 10

GFR is regulated by 3 factors

1. Renal Autoregulation

2. Neural Control

3. Hormonal Control

are changes that naturally occur in the arteriole diameter

renal autoregulation

is when increased sympathetic stimulus decreases arteriole diameter

neural control

is the renin- angiotensin system

hormonal control

Renin-angiotensin system

Renin is released from the JGA → Renin actions on angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I is released → Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II → vasoconstriction occurs causing overall increase in bp → increased GFR