Bio final

First step of scientific method?

Ask question

Second step?

research

third step

hypothesis

fourth step

experiment

fifth step

conclude

What is biology?

the study of living things

What are the characteristics of living things?

use energy, reproduce, ability to adapt

What are cells

smallest unit that can live on its own, makes up all living organisms

What is homeostasis?

a state of balance
your body shivering

What is an atom? What are three subatomic particles in an atom and what are the charges of each of them?

smallest unit of matter
Protons (+) Neutrons (+-) Electrons (-)

What is a compound?

2 or more elements that are bonded together

What are covalent bonds?

-rocks, crystals
-share electrons

What are Ionic bonds?

-people, plastic, plants
- give and take

What is solubility?

Like dissolves like
solvent dissolves solute

In kool aid, what is the solvent?

water

In kool aid, what is the solute?

kool aid powder

Physical change

does not change composition
Ex:freezing

Chemical change

changes the composition
Ex:burning

What are the reactants and products of a chemical reaction

Reactants is what you put in, products is the results

What is the activation energy?

Necessary energy amount required for a chemical reaction to occur

Endothermic reactions

heat is entering
Ex: photosynthesis

Exothermic reactions

heating is exiting
Ex:Breathing

What are enzymes?

A protein which lowers the activation energy, makes reactions happen quicker

How are the substrate and enzyme related?

The substrate attaches itself to the enzyme, and it breaks or forms new bonds

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

lowers the activation energy

Why does ice float

Ice is polar

Why is water polar?

there is an uneven distribution of electron density

polar

hydrophilic

non polar

hydrophobic

cohesion

water attracts to itself

adhesion

water attracts to other substances

Homogeneous mixture

1 phase
Ex: kool aid

Heterogeneous

2 different phases
Ex: chicken noodle soup

What is the amount of hydrogen in an acid vs base?

Acid has more hydrogen, base has less

What are the main elements that make up cells?

C, H, O

Why is carbon so important to cells?

Able to readily form bonds

How many other atoms can carbon bond with?

4

Protein monomer

amino acid

protein polymer

polypeptide

protein function

control reactions, and fight diseases

Protein elements

C,H,O,N

Lipids monomer

fatty acid, glycerol

Lipids function

store energy, cell membrane

nucleic acid monomer

nitrogen based pairs

Nucleic acid polymer

DNA and RNA

Nucleic acid function

carry genetic info, give directions

Elements in lipids

C.H,O

Elements in nucleic acid

C H O N P

carbohydrates monomer

sugar

carbohydrates polymer

polysacchrides

carbohydrates function

main energy source, cell recognition

Elements contained in carbohydrates

C, H, O

Examples of Lipids

butter, oil, soap

Why are lipids important?

They store energy

What are proteins?

chain of amino acids

Why are proteins important in our body

They fight disease

What are the four levels of protein folding

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Why are nucleic acids important to our body?

carry genetic information. directions

What are the parts of cell theory.

all cells come from other cells. basic unit of living organisms.all living things are composed of one or more cell

why do cells have to remain small

easier to replace.

Eukaryotes

plants and animals

prokaryotes

bacteria

Does prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nucleus

eukaryotes

Does prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a membrane

eukaryotes

Pro or Eukaryotes cytoplasm?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Why is the cell membrane important?

1. Keep toxic stuff out. 2. allow things in and out. 3. provides structure.

Is the head polar or nonpolar

polar

What type of proteins are able to pass through?

small, non polar.

What is equilibrium

particles are distrubuted evenly

What is a concentration gradient

when concentration of particles is higher in one area

osmosis, facilitated, and simple

passive

what does osmosis transport

water

what does facilitated diffusion move

large or charged

Chanel proteins

bridge

carrier proteins

hand
can change shape

Transport pumps

carrier proteins

sodium potassium pump

potassium higher inside the cell sodium higher outside the cell

what is moved in active transport

ions

heterotrophs

need to consume food

autotrophs

need to produce their own food

What three factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis

light intensity
concentration
temp

Where does glycolysis happen

cytoplasm

reactants of glycolysis

glucose

products of glycolysis

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Where does krebs take place

matrix

reatants of krebs?

acetyl COA and oxloaceate

products of krebs?

ATP, NADH, FADH2, C02

Where does ETC take place?

inner mebrane

reactants of ETC?

FADH2 and NADH

products of ETC

H20, NAD, FAD2, and ATP

types of fermintation

alcohol and lactic acid

Why do cells need to reproduce? and stay small?

easily able to replace old ones

prophase

nuclear envelope begins to break down, spindle fibers begin to form

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the center

anaphase

centromere breaks, the pull to opposite sides

telophase

Almost done, 2 nucleus have formed