Studied by 3 people
Pillar 1 Income Programs
Old Age Security and Guaranteed Income Supplement
Pillar 2 Income Programs
The Canadian Pension Plan
Pillar 3 Income Programs
Private Pension Plans and Savings
Contributing Factors of an Ageing Population
Ageing baby boomer generation
Increased life expectancy
Declining birth rate
Old Ages (numbers)
65-75 = young old
75-85 = middle old
85+ = frail old
Stratification
Structured, systemic inequalities between groups in society that arise as the unintended consequences of social processes and relationships
Ageism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age (mostly to older persons)
Life Course
A patterned sequence of individual age-linked experiences over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influences
Glen Elder 5 Assumptions
Acknowledge human development is a lifelong process
Life course analysis focuses on the sequence in which events occur
Lives lived interdependently with others and social institutions
Life course shaped by historical moment and geographical location
Individuals construct their life courses through choices and actions
Heterogeneity
The quality or state of being diverse in character or diverse
Conceptual Model - Silverstein
The levels of influence on behaviour, from the macrosocial to the biological and physical
Developmental stages over the life course
Examples of outcomes of interest
Industrialization and Views on Aging
Elders were held in high regard - shifted - elders' opinions and authority diminished - cultural views of high regard remained
Western Culture and Elders
Elder people viewed through negative stereotypes and the youth are idealized
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual is expected to live, based on various demographic factors
Centenarians
A person who is 100 or older
Dependency Ratio
A measure that indicates the number of people 14 and under and 65+ compared to the number of people aged 15-64 -- increased
Senescence
The biological aging of an organism as it lives beyond its maturity, usually accompanied by chemical and organic changes
Social Network
A social structure formed of the relationships among individuals and organizations and the ways in which these interact with each other
Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS)
A monthly non-taxable benefit to Old Age Security pension recipients who have a low income
Social Isolation
The state in which an individual lacks social interactions and networks
Elder Abuse
Any action by someone in a relationship of trust that results in harm or distress to an older person
Neglect
Lack of action by a person in a relationship of trust
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity (WHO)
Acute Disease
Strikes suddenly and causes dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death - can become chronic if side effects become long term
Chronic Disease
Long term or lifelong and that develops gradually or are present from birth
Gender and Illness
Women live longer than men (socialized to take care of themselves) - men typically more overweight
Race and Illness
Indigenous suffer from poorer health
Class and Illness
People living in poverty have a shorter lifespan than those in high income neighbourhoods
Disability
A restricted or total lack of ability to perform certain activities as a result of physical or mental limitations or the interplay of these limitations, social responses, and the social environment
Downward Drift Hypothesis
Downward shift in social class due to mental illness
Issues in Healthcare in Canada
accessibility and wait times and cost of care
Conflict Perspective - Healthcare
Government should pay and regulate healthcare
Interactionist Perspective - Healthcare
Emphasis on how people define - information is accessible - questioning professionals - anti-vaxxers
Feminist Perspectives - Healthcare
Medicalization of women - lack of women in medicine
Medical Sociology
The field of sociology that examines the social context of health, illness, and health care
Social Determinants of Health
Social, economic, and political factors that influence the incidence and spread of illness and good health in a population
Ableist Culture
A shared pattern of thinking that characterizes certain types of physical and mental abilities as "normal" and all others as abnormal, unworthy, or defective
Biological Inheritance
Our unique physical and health characteristics that are present at birth or develop out of characteristics present at birth
Age-Standardized Mortality Rates (ASMR)
Measurement of the number of deaths in a population in a given period of time, adjusted to reflect imaginary "standard" age distribution so that two or more populations can be easily compared
Quintile
1/5 of a population according to a given measure (whether the top fifth, bottom fifth, or fifth drawn from the middle)
Circulatory Diseases
Diseases associated with the heart or veins that hinder the free circulation of blood in the body
Respiratory
Diseases associated with the lungs that hinder the free circulation of oxygen in the body
Degenerative Diseases
Diseases that result from the gradual decline or degeneration of a body's organs, and not from an infection by germs or viruses - age-related and unavoidable - chief cause of death in Canada
Social Causes of Suicide
Social factors that cause or at least predict high or low rates of suicide in a population
Risk of Suicide
The likelihood a person, or type of person, will take their own life in a specified period of time
Social Cohesion
The interconnection of people in a population achieved in social or cultural ways
Durkheim - Suicide
Suicide is a predictable response to two social variables --> the loss of regulation and of integration
Regulation
The degree to which a person's behaviour is controlled by other members of the community
Integration
The degree to which a person belongs (or feels they belong) to a community
Loss of Regulation
Weakening of the social rules that guide people's lives
Loss in Integration
Weakening of significant social ties with other people
Saving Face
Social practice that places extreme importance on how people are perceived by others
Lose Face
Worsen their reputation and social standing
Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection, whether airborne or waterborne
Parasitic Diseases
Disease caused by organisms that live on or in a person and get their food from (or at the expense of) their host
Non-communicable Illnesses
Illnesses, many of them degenerative, that don't result from infections or parasites and can't be "caught" from another person
Person-years
The lifespan or average number of years a person lives in a population, multiplied by the number of people in that population at a given moment, or over a specified period
Stress
A chemical reaction in a person's body when that person experiences fear or anxiety and a desire to escape
Socially Induced Stress
Stress that results from threatening social conditions (extreme demands or absence of control over the situation)
Cortisol
The chemical a human body normally releases when it's placed under stress - helps people respond quickly to bursts of stress
Self-Medication
The excessive use of drugs or alcohol by a depressed or anxious person to cope with their own feelings - can cause health issues
Mental Illness is a Social Construct
A culturally influenced way of viewing unusual and non-normative behaviour - ableist
COPD
Chronic ling disease - progresses over time - inhaling pollutants
Type 1 Diabetes
Less common - appears in childhood or early adulthood
Type 2 Diabetes
Develops gradually over the lifespan, due to lifestyle choices, social factors, and environmental determinants
Index of Child Well-Being
A numerical measure of how well the average child is doing in a specific country, in terms of their physical an mental health, and their access to cultural, social, and human capital
6 Aspects of Child Well-Being
Material well-being, educational, peer and family relationship, subjective well-being, health and safety, and risky behaviour measures
Cultural Capital
The availability of cultural resources in a child's home or neighbourhood
Social Capital
The availability of social contacts, including family members, neighbours, and friends in the neighbourhood
Self-Rated Health
A person's report of how well (or healthy) they feel
Human Capital
The availability of resources in a neighbourhood that produce a healthy, well-functioning workforce
David Bloom Solution to Health Inequality
Show and advertise the link between improved population health and economic growth
Biomedical View of Health and Illness
Medical perspective -emphasizes Western scientific principles - health is absence of illness - human body is machine that requires repair - drugs/surgery for cures - focus on individual sick people - respond to problems instead of preventing - costly - doesn't save many lives
Population Health Perspective
Focuses on how social variables influence the well-being of large groups of people - costs less - saves more lives - look at ways to reduce factors that contribute to illness
Functionalism - Schools
Education as one of most important institutions - failure is from failure of manifest functions - we have dysfunction in society rooted within the manifests in the education system
Dysfunction (education)
Education is not preparing students for jobs or being adults
Conflict Theory (schools)
Education system perpetuates inequalities - social position effects - education does little to improve social mobility
Neighbourhood Segregation
Access to good schools based on taxes - higher income neighbourhoods have better schools
Residential Schools
Perpetuate inequalities and had continuing trauma
Interactionist (schools)
Looks at dynamics in the classroom, labelling, self-fulfilling prophecy
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Labelling - if labelled as dumb, may be internalized and scores can reflect this
Case of Slytherin
Treats Slytherin as the bad guys - everyone sorted in that house is considered evil - not all of them can be inherently evil - follow different routes due to being labelled as "bad guy"
Feminist (schools)
Historically looks at how girls were at a disadvantage - less attention paid to them
Bullying
Any form of repeated aggression marked by an observable power differential between people
Overt Bullying
Physical aggression
Covert Bullying
Exclusionary practices
Gender Dynamics (bullying)
Boys = more likely to engage in over bullying. Girls = more likely to engage in covert bullying
Cyber-Bullying
Using technology - common nowadays
Safe Schools Review (HWDSB)
Talk to community and practitioners - provide suggestions and action plans - hear people out
Credential Inflation
Demands for more schooling and credentials from employers and the related process of schools providing these credentials
Over-Education
The provision of more education than is actually needed
Social Mobility
The movement of individuals or groups across positions in social hierarchies
Habitus
Cultural competencies into which individuals are socialized by virtue of their class positions - Pierre Bourdieau
Ability Grouping
Separating students in different streams according to their aptitude lens - streaming
Streaming Benefits
Students who are more capable are not held back - less gifted students can learn at their own pace without embarassment
Consequences of Streaming
Attaches stigma to those in lower ability streams - schools systems not fast enough to respond to changing levels of aptitude - self-fulfilling prophecy of a student's capabilities - social inequalities (minority in lower stream)
Racialized Achievement Gap
The divergence in educational achievement among ethnic and racialized groups - poor areas = low quality schools - disadvantage when going to post secondary
Multiplication of Disadvantage
Black people more probable to live in poor neighbourhoods = poor schooling
British North America Act
Established Canada as a country - gave federal responsibility for Indians and land reserved for Indians - deepened structural inequalities
Five-Year Mortality
The risk of dying within the next five years
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