Structured, systemic inequalities between groups in society that arise as the unintended consequences of social processes and relationships
7
New cards
Ageism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age (mostly to older persons)
8
New cards
Life Course
A patterned sequence of individual age-linked experiences over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influences
9
New cards
Glen Elder 5 Assumptions
1. Acknowledge human development is a lifelong process 2. Life course analysis focuses on the sequence in which events occur 3. Lives lived interdependently with others and social institutions 4. Life course shaped by historical moment and geographical location 5. Individuals construct their life courses through choices and actions
10
New cards
Heterogeneity
The quality or state of being diverse in character or diverse
11
New cards
Conceptual Model - Silverstein
1. The levels of influence on behaviour, from the macrosocial to the biological and physical 2. Developmental stages over the life course 3. Examples of outcomes of interest
12
New cards
Industrialization and Views on Aging
Elders were held in high regard - shifted - elders' opinions and authority diminished - cultural views of high regard remained
13
New cards
Western Culture and Elders
Elder people viewed through negative stereotypes and the youth are idealized
14
New cards
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual is expected to live, based on various demographic factors
15
New cards
Centenarians
A person who is 100 or older
16
New cards
Dependency Ratio
A measure that indicates the number of people 14 and under and 65+ compared to the number of people aged 15-64 -- increased
17
New cards
Senescence
The biological aging of an organism as it lives beyond its maturity, usually accompanied by chemical and organic changes
18
New cards
Social Network
A social structure formed of the relationships among individuals and organizations and the ways in which these interact with each other
19
New cards
Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS)
A monthly non-taxable benefit to Old Age Security pension recipients who have a low income
20
New cards
Social Isolation
The state in which an individual lacks social interactions and networks
21
New cards
Elder Abuse
Any action by someone in a relationship of trust that results in harm or distress to an older person
22
New cards
Neglect
Lack of action by a person in a relationship of trust
23
New cards
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity (WHO)
24
New cards
Acute Disease
Strikes suddenly and causes dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death - can become chronic if side effects become long term
25
New cards
Chronic Disease
Long term or lifelong and that develops gradually or are present from birth
26
New cards
Gender and Illness
Women live longer than men (socialized to take care of themselves) - men typically more overweight
27
New cards
Race and Illness
Indigenous suffer from poorer health
28
New cards
Class and Illness
People living in poverty have a shorter lifespan than those in high income neighbourhoods
29
New cards
Disability
A restricted or total lack of ability to perform certain activities as a result of physical or mental limitations or the interplay of these limitations, social responses, and the social environment
30
New cards
Downward Drift Hypothesis
Downward shift in social class due to mental illness
31
New cards
Issues in Healthcare in Canada
accessibility and wait times and cost of care
32
New cards
Conflict Perspective - Healthcare
Government should pay and regulate healthcare
33
New cards
Interactionist Perspective - Healthcare
Emphasis on how people define - information is accessible - questioning professionals - anti-vaxxers
34
New cards
Feminist Perspectives - Healthcare
Medicalization of women - lack of women in medicine
35
New cards
Medical Sociology
The field of sociology that examines the social context of health, illness, and health care
36
New cards
Social Determinants of Health
Social, economic, and political factors that influence the incidence and spread of illness and good health in a population
37
New cards
Ableist Culture
A shared pattern of thinking that characterizes certain types of physical and mental abilities as "normal" and all others as abnormal, unworthy, or defective
38
New cards
Biological Inheritance
Our unique physical and health characteristics that are present at birth or develop out of characteristics present at birth
39
New cards
Age-Standardized Mortality Rates (ASMR)
Measurement of the number of deaths in a population in a given period of time, adjusted to reflect imaginary "standard" age distribution so that two or more populations can be easily compared
40
New cards
Quintile
1/5 of a population according to a given measure (whether the top fifth, bottom fifth, or fifth drawn from the middle)
41
New cards
Circulatory Diseases
Diseases associated with the heart or veins that hinder the free circulation of blood in the body
42
New cards
Respiratory
Diseases associated with the lungs that hinder the free circulation of oxygen in the body
43
New cards
Degenerative Diseases
Diseases that result from the gradual decline or degeneration of a body's organs, and not from an infection by germs or viruses - age-related and unavoidable - chief cause of death in Canada
44
New cards
Social Causes of Suicide
Social factors that cause or at least predict high or low rates of suicide in a population
45
New cards
Risk of Suicide
The likelihood a person, or type of person, will take their own life in a specified period of time
46
New cards
Social Cohesion
The interconnection of people in a population achieved in social or cultural ways
47
New cards
Durkheim - Suicide
Suicide is a predictable response to two social variables --> the loss of regulation and of integration
48
New cards
Regulation
The degree to which a person's behaviour is controlled by other members of the community
49
New cards
Integration
The degree to which a person belongs (or feels they belong) to a community
50
New cards
Loss of Regulation
Weakening of the social rules that guide people's lives
51
New cards
Loss in Integration
Weakening of significant social ties with other people
52
New cards
Saving Face
Social practice that places extreme importance on how people are perceived by others
53
New cards
Lose Face
Worsen their reputation and social standing
54
New cards
Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection, whether airborne or waterborne
55
New cards
Parasitic Diseases
Disease caused by organisms that live on or in a person and get their food from (or at the expense of) their host
56
New cards
Non-communicable Illnesses
Illnesses, many of them degenerative, that don't result from infections or parasites and can't be "caught" from another person
57
New cards
Person-years
The lifespan or average number of years a person lives in a population, multiplied by the number of people in that population at a given moment, or over a specified period
58
New cards
Stress
A chemical reaction in a person's body when that person experiences fear or anxiety and a desire to escape
59
New cards
Socially Induced Stress
Stress that results from threatening social conditions (extreme demands or absence of control over the situation)
60
New cards
Cortisol
The chemical a human body normally releases when it's placed under stress - helps people respond quickly to bursts of stress
61
New cards
Self-Medication
The excessive use of drugs or alcohol by a depressed or anxious person to cope with their own feelings - can cause health issues
62
New cards
Mental Illness is a Social Construct
A culturally influenced way of viewing unusual and non-normative behaviour - ableist
63
New cards
COPD
Chronic ling disease - progresses over time - inhaling pollutants
64
New cards
Type 1 Diabetes
Less common - appears in childhood or early adulthood
65
New cards
Type 2 Diabetes
Develops gradually over the lifespan, due to lifestyle choices, social factors, and environmental determinants
66
New cards
Index of Child Well-Being
A numerical measure of how well the average child is doing in a specific country, in terms of their physical an mental health, and their access to cultural, social, and human capital
67
New cards
6 Aspects of Child Well-Being
Material well-being, educational, peer and family relationship, subjective well-being, health and safety, and risky behaviour measures
68
New cards
Cultural Capital
The availability of cultural resources in a child's home or neighbourhood
69
New cards
Social Capital
The availability of social contacts, including family members, neighbours, and friends in the neighbourhood
70
New cards
Self-Rated Health
A person's report of how well (or healthy) they feel
71
New cards
Human Capital
The availability of resources in a neighbourhood that produce a healthy, well-functioning workforce
72
New cards
David Bloom Solution to Health Inequality
Show and advertise the link between improved population health and economic growth
73
New cards
Biomedical View of Health and Illness
Medical perspective -emphasizes Western scientific principles - health is absence of illness - human body is machine that requires repair - drugs/surgery for cures - focus on individual sick people - respond to problems instead of preventing - costly - doesn't save many lives
74
New cards
Population Health Perspective
Focuses on how social variables influence the well-being of large groups of people - costs less - saves more lives - look at ways to reduce factors that contribute to illness
75
New cards
Functionalism - Schools
Education as one of most important institutions - failure is from failure of manifest functions - we have dysfunction in society rooted within the manifests in the education system
76
New cards
Dysfunction (education)
Education is not preparing students for jobs or being adults
77
New cards
Conflict Theory (schools)
Education system perpetuates inequalities - social position effects - education does little to improve social mobility
78
New cards
Neighbourhood Segregation
Access to good schools based on taxes - higher income neighbourhoods have better schools
79
New cards
Residential Schools
Perpetuate inequalities and had continuing trauma
80
New cards
Interactionist (schools)
Looks at dynamics in the classroom, labelling, self-fulfilling prophecy
81
New cards
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Labelling - if labelled as dumb, may be internalized and scores can reflect this
82
New cards
Case of Slytherin
Treats Slytherin as the bad guys - everyone sorted in that house is considered evil - not all of them can be inherently evil - follow different routes due to being labelled as "bad guy"
83
New cards
Feminist (schools)
Historically looks at how girls were at a disadvantage - less attention paid to them
84
New cards
Bullying
Any form of repeated aggression marked by an observable power differential between people
85
New cards
Overt Bullying
Physical aggression
86
New cards
Covert Bullying
Exclusionary practices
87
New cards
Gender Dynamics (bullying)
Boys = more likely to engage in over bullying. Girls = more likely to engage in covert bullying
88
New cards
Cyber-Bullying
Using technology - common nowadays
89
New cards
Safe Schools Review (HWDSB)
Talk to community and practitioners - provide suggestions and action plans - hear people out
90
New cards
Credential Inflation
Demands for more schooling and credentials from employers and the related process of schools providing these credentials
91
New cards
Over-Education
The provision of more education than is actually needed
92
New cards
Social Mobility
The movement of individuals or groups across positions in social hierarchies
93
New cards
Habitus
Cultural competencies into which individuals are socialized by virtue of their class positions - Pierre Bourdieau
94
New cards
Ability Grouping
Separating students in different streams according to their aptitude lens - streaming
95
New cards
Streaming Benefits
Students who are more capable are not held back - less gifted students can learn at their own pace without embarassment
96
New cards
Consequences of Streaming
Attaches stigma to those in lower ability streams - schools systems not fast enough to respond to changing levels of aptitude - self-fulfilling prophecy of a student's capabilities - social inequalities (minority in lower stream)
97
New cards
Racialized Achievement Gap
The divergence in educational achievement among ethnic and racialized groups - poor areas = low quality schools - disadvantage when going to post secondary
98
New cards
Multiplication of Disadvantage
Black people more probable to live in poor neighbourhoods = poor schooling
99
New cards
British North America Act
Established Canada as a country - gave federal responsibility for Indians and land reserved for Indians - deepened structural inequalities