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Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes:
pulmonary vessels
systemic vessels
which transport blood from the right ventricle of the heart through the lungs and back to the left atrium
pulmonary vessels
which transport blood from the left ventricle of the heart through all parts of the body and back to the right atrium
systemic vessels
Blood Vessel Functions
Carry blood .
Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues
. Transport substances -.
Regulate blood pressure .
Direct blood flow to tissues
▪ Carry blood to the heart
▪ Walls are thinner
▪ contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells
Veins
▪ Carry blood away from the heart
▪ more elastic tissue than smooth muscle
Arteries
exchange of substances such as O2, nutrients, CO2, and other waste products occurs
Capillaries
Blood Flow
Blood flows from arteries into ___
Arterioles into ….
Capillaries into …..
Venules to …..
Veins return to ….
arterioles
capillaries
venules
small veins
heart
Blood Vessel Walls
innermost layer .
simple squamous
Tunica intima:
middle layer
smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
Tunica media:
outermost layer
connective tissue
Tunica adventitia:
Types of Arteries
⚫ largest in diameter
⚫ thickest walls
Example - aorta and pulmonary trunk
Elastic arteries:
medium to small size
⚫ thick in diameter
⚫ contain smooth muscle cells
can control blood flow to body regions
Muscular arteries:
Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
Capillaries branch to form networks
Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells, precapillary sphincters
Capillaries
Walls consist of only a simple endothelium surrounded by delicate loose connective tissue.
Capillaries
Blood flows from capillaries into venules
Blood flows from venules into small veins
All 3 tunics are present in small veins
true
collect blood from small veins and deliver to large veins
Medium sized veins
contain valves
Large veins
Pulmonary Circulation Vessels
blood vessels that carry blood from right ventricle to lungs and back from left atrium of heart
Pulmonary circulation
⚫ blood pump from right ventricle towards lung
Pulmonary trunk:
exit lungs and carry 02 rich blood to left atrium
Pulmonary veins
carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues of the body and back to the right atrium.
Systemic Circulation Vessels
Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle and from the left ventricle into the aorta
. Arteries distribute blood from the aorta to all portions of the body
Systemic Circulation Vessels
Parts of the Aorta
passes superiorly from left ventricle
Ascending
3 major arteries which carry blood to head and upper limbs
Aortic arch
⚫ extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis
Descending
part of descending aorta that extends through thorax to diaphragm
Thoracic
descending aorta that extends from diaphragm where it divides at the common iliac arteries
Abdominal
Branches of aortic arch:
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
• left subclavian
• first branch off aortic arch
supplies blood to right side of head and neck
Brachiocephalic artery
• 2nd branch off aortic arch
supplies blood to the left side of head and neck
Left common carotid artery
3rd branch off aortic arch
supplies blood to left upper limbs
Left subclavian artery
⚫ branches off brachiocephalic artery
supplies blood to right side of head and neck
Right common carotid artery
branches off brachiocephalic artery
supplies blood to right upper limbs
Right subclavian artery
Arteries of the Upper Limbs,
Axillary arteries
Brachial arteries
continuation of subclavian
supply blood deep in clavicle
Axillary arteries
continuation of axillary
• where blood pressure measurements are taken
Brachial arteries
Arteries of the Upper Limbs
axillary arteris
brachial
ulnar
radial
branch of brachial artery
near elbow
Ulnar arteries
branch of brachial artery
⚫ supply blood to forearm and hand
pulse taken here
Radial arteries
supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, upper duodenum
Celiac trunk arteries:
. supply blood to small intestines and upper portion of colon
Superior mesenteric arteries
supply blood to colon
Inferior mesenteric arteries:
supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, upper duodenum
Celiac trunk arteries:
supply blood to small intestines and upper portion of colon
Superior mesenteric arteries:
supply blood to colon
Inferior mesenteric arteries:
Thoracic Aorta Branches
Visceral arteries
Parietal arteries
blood to thoracic organs: Esophagus trachea parietal pericardium part of the lung
Visceral arteries
blood to thoracic wall: Posterior intercostal a. Superior phrenic a.
Parietal arteries
Abdominal Aorta Branches
Renal arteries
Hepatic arteries
Testicular arteries
Ovarian arteries
supply blood to kidneys
Renal arteries
supply blood to liver
Hepatic arteries
supply blood to testes
Testicular arteries
supply blood to ovaries
Ovarian arteries
supply blood to diaphragm
Inferior phrenic arteries:
supply blood to lumbar vertebra and back muscles
Lumbar arteries
Arteries of Pelvis
Common iliac arteries:
External iliac arteries:
Internal iliac arteries:
branches from abdominal aorta .
⚫ divides into internal iliac arteries
Common iliac arteries:
. division of common iliac artery
⚫ supply blood to lower limbs
External iliac arteries:
division of common iliac
supply blood to pelvic area
Internal iliac arteries
Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Femoral arteries:
Popliteal arteries:
Anterior and posterior arteries:
Fibular arteries:
supply to thigh
Femoral arteries:
supply blood to knee
Popliteal arteries:
supply blood to leg and foot
Anterior and posterior arteries:
supply blood to lateral leg and foot
Fibular arteries:
Veins return blood to the heart.
In the systemic circulation, the blood returning to the heart is deoxygenated.
In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returning to the heart in the pulmonary veins is Oxygenated.
Veins
returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and right upper limbs
empties into right atrium of heart
Veins
returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs.
empties into right atrium of heart
Veins
Veins of the Head and Neck,
External jugular vein:
Internal jugular vein:
Subclavian veins:
Brachiocephalic veins:
drain blood from head and neck
empties into subclavian veins
External jugular vein
drain blood from brain, face, neck
empty into subclavian veins
Internal jugular vein:
⚫ forms brachiocephalic veins
Subclavian veins:
join to form superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins:
empty into axillary vein
Brachial veins:
empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
Cephalic veins:
connects to cephalic vein
near elbow
Median cubital veins:
Veins of the Thorax,
Right and left brachiocephalic veins:
Azygos veins:
Internal thoracic veins:
Posterior intercostal veins:
Hemiazygos vein:
⚫ drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
Right and left brachiocephalic veins:
⚫ drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
Azygos veins:
empty into brachiocephalic veins
Internal thoracic veins:
⚫ drain blood from posterior thoracic wall
⚫ drains into azygos vein on right side
Posterior intercostal veins:
receives blood from azygos vein of left side
Hemiazygos vein:
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis,
Common iliac vein:
External iliac vein:
Internal iliac vein:
Renal vein:
formed from external and internal iliacs
empty into inferior vena cava
Common iliac vein:
• drains blood from lower limbs
empty into common iliac vein
External iliac vein
drains blood from pelvic region
empties into common iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
⚫ drains blood from kidneys
Renal vein
Liver is a major processing center for substances absorbed by intestinal tract
Hepatic Portal System
vascular system that begins with capillaries in viscera and ends with capillaries in liver
uses splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
Portal system:
drain blood from thigh and empty into external iliac vein
Femoral veins
• drain from foot and empty into femoral vein
Great saphenous veins:
drain blood from knee and empty into femoral vein
Popliteal veins:
is the measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
Blood Pressure
contraction of heart
Systolic pressure
relaxation of heart
Diastolic pressure
Average Blood Pressure:
120/80
is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
Pulse pressure