Exam 1

Flashcards of terms and vocab for medical or physiology exam.

Nociceptors

Nerves that sense temperature above or below body temperature.

Smooth muscle

The type of muscle used to release urine.

Sympathetic Pathway

The branch of the autonomic system has neurons that emerge only from the thoracic or lumbar region of the spine, and synapse close to the spinal cord.

Alkaline Phosphatase

The enzyme MOST LIKELY elevated in the circulation of a woman with bone disease.

Cross-sectional Studies

The type of studies which surveys the population for prevalence of disease or condition.

H, I, J

The areas regulating blood pressure and respiration.

Limbic system or hippocampus

The body system MOST LIKELY responsible for long term potentiation.

Anchoring junctions: cadherins

The structure that is being attacked when the epidermis is detaching from its underlying basement membrane.

Na+-K+-ATPase

Also known as the potassium pump.

Probenecid

A drug that can be used to block the excretion of penicillin into the urine by competing for excretion through the OAT

Kidney

Organ that is essential for maintaining normal blood pH.

Cross extensor reflex

Movement depicted from left to right.

Kinase, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Transaminase

Enzyme paired with the compound: Phosphate group, Water, electrons, amino group

Anchoring junction, Autoimmune

Loss of cell-cell adhesion between the dermis and epidermis, leading to painful blistering of the skin.

Otitis media

Condition indicated by pain in the ear, fluid behind the tympanic membrane and fever.

Ach binds to Ach receptors in the motor end plate. Entry of Na+ through Ach receptors channels initiates action potentials in t-tubules. DHP receptors open the RyR Ca2+ release channels in the SR, and Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm. The muscle contracts.

Events occurring when Ach binds to Ach receptors.

Cardiac muscle

The muscle type depicted in figure.

Sodium Na+

Event that would speed up the depolarization rate of the pacemaker potential.

Sensory

Information transmitted along these neurons during pain.

Sodium Na+

Somatic motor neurons, at the neuromuscular junction use nicotinic cholinergic receptors to promote influx of __ to depolarize the muscle fiber.

32, 2

The amount of ATP gained in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

Varicosities

Structures that release neurotransmitter over the surface of the target cells in response to stimulation of the autonomic system.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Released from the somatic motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction onto muscle to initiate action potential in the muscle fiber.

Vasodilate skeletal muscle blood vessels (Beta), Vasoconstrict intestinal blood vessels (alpha)

Adrenergic receptors binding to epinephrine lead to these effects in the sympathetic division of the nervous system

9, 8, 3, 6, 4, 1, 5, 7, 10, 2

The correct order of cardiac relaxation events.

Hydrogen bonding

The type of bonding depicted on figure.

cGMP levels are high CNG channels are open and K+ channels are open

In darkness rhodopsin rods are in this state.

3, 1, 2, 4

The correct chronological sequence.

Beta 1 and Beta 2

Adrenergic receptor that mediates vasodilation following binding to epinephrine.

Endocrine cells of the pancreas stop making insulin

Endocrine cells of the pancreas do this.

Myosin filaments remain still, The binding site on actin becomes clear for MYOSIN to bind after calcium binds to the protein TROPONIN

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Increase in the number and function of channels, Increase in the numbers of the ryanodine

Event that would speed up depolarization rate of the pacemaker potential.

A pacemaker

Visceral muscle contraction is often reflexively by autonomic nervous system. Yet, at times both cardiac and smooth muscle can use different system to give rise to regular rhythmic contraction. This system is called

Cytoplasm

Location where Ca2+ enters the cells from to induce contraction.

Intercellular

Body fluid compartment contains high level of K+, large anions, and proteins.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The autoimmune disease is when proteins made by the immune cells destroy pancreatic beta cells.

Filtration

A process that takes place within the glomerulus of the kidney.

dorsal root

Dorsal root name in diagram.

Cerebellum, distance and direction

Signaling events during hearing.

Pluripotent stem cell

The resulting stem cells.

Abdominal cavity

Swabbing the skin while making an incision occurs where?

Positive feedback

Process is considered:

All of the above: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

This renal function plays an important role in restoring homeostasis.

Glycogen

The carbohydrates can be digested by humans and is used by the liver to store energy.

Varicosities

Structures release neurotransmitter over the surface of the smooth muscle cells in response to stimulation of the autonomic system.

Central pattern generators

interneurons of the central nervous system would be controlling their rhythmic walking

Pancreases

Hormones produced by the regulate blood glucose level by releasing insulin

Kidney

The organ that MOST LIKELY would contribute to this condition.

Phosphocreatine, ATP, Creatine

Muscles use ____ to store energy when the muscles are at rest and convert it to ____ and ____ during exercise.

Crossed extensor reflex

The ability to quickly move his foot away from an anticipated painful stimulus, while shifting his weight to his other leg to maintain his balance is function of his.

Alpha and beta

The receptors in the autonomic nervous system would be controlling this response.

NHE

The proteins play major role in the apical reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule.

Na+-K+-ATPase

Ions that leak out of cells, and the ions that leak into a cell are brought back to the ICF or ECF respectively via.

Skin cells lack the receptor for hormone X

This would MOST LIKELY be due to…

Lung

The organ is the FIRST organ that the clot travels to that it will it likely obstruct.

Axon terminals and axon varicosities

Neurotransmitter are stored and released from:

An autoimmune disease in which the body fails to recognize the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors on skeletal muscle as part of “self.” Eyelids drooping, difficulty chewing, difficulty watching moving objects. This happens because of the Synaptic Transmission problems in the CNS

Statements applying to a patient with myasthenia gravis.

Isotonic

During an ___ contraction, the sarcomere shorten, generating force, and the elastic elements are already stretched. In this type of contraction, the muscle length shortens and moves a load.

Pulmonary vein, left atrium

During a contraction of the heart blood moves from E into lungs, it leaves through f and re-enters the Heart through (the site Mark G) called .

Isometric

During a(n) _ contraction, the sarcomere shorten, generating force, but elastic elements stretch, allowing muscle length to remain the same. In this type of contraction, the muscle length remains the same

Choroid plexus

Since CSF is normally produced by the ___ this may be a logical target for therapeutic interventions that can be used to relieve Hydrocephalus.

The thick mucus blocks the ducts and prevents digestive enzymes from reaching the small intestine.

The enzymes are not reaching to the small intestine

Atrial fibrillation

Based on the ECG used to surmise.

Focal adhesions/mucus

Structure prevent potential bacteria from invading the lumen.

Competitive Inhibitor

__ are chemical modulators that reversibly bind a protein and decrease its activity while competing with the endogenous ligand for the binding site.

Secrete/Excrete

Kidney tubule of penicillin is so efficient that about 80% of the drug was in the urine, the urine was then collected from patients being treated with penicillin, the antibiotic isolated and reused.

Cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Three types of muscle in the human body are:

Normal sensory function and nerve conduction test, with normal myelin sheaths

Acute motor axonal polyneuropathy is distinct from classic GBS since the Chinese children had:

More sensitive to Ca2+, therefore contraction increases

You find that loss of phosphatase activity leads to

CO and H2O

Aerobic metabolism results in the production of which of the following substances that must be either excreted or metabolized by the body?

Recognize and remove all abnormal cells from a body, remove damaged or dead cells, and protect the body from disease-causing pathogens

The immune system has three major functions:

Reticular formation of the Brain stem

The neurons collectively known as the diffuse modulatory system originate in and they project their axons to large areas of the brain.

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel; nuclear membrane

The calcium release channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by is due to an increase in phospholipase C activity in the

Loop of Henle

you know that the should be diluting the urine. so you ask the attending if the is failing to dilute the urine, leading to the precipitation of minerals within the renal pelvis. ( same answer in both blanks)

Arms, head, and trunk brain

The ascending aorta supplies blood to which regions?

H+, HCO3-, lungs

When extracellular fluid is too acidic the kidney removes and conserves _ . While the kidney play a significant role is pH homeostasis, the ___ work more quickly to correct plasma pH.

75%

By most estimates, a patient must nearly lose _ of your kidney function before homeostasis begins to be affected.

To determine if the musculoskeletal system was intact

What is the significance of the elevated serum creatine kinase?

Motor unit which consists of one somatic neuron regulating to contraction of several muscle fibers

What type of nerve/skeletal muscle organization allow different motor units to take turns in maintaining contraction and promoting a sustained contraction?

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system inducing the release of epinephrine by chromaffin cells

The change in his heartbeat was MOST LIKELY regulated by which of the following?

Myosin light chain phosphatase

During smooth muscle relaxation, which of the following proteins plays a DIRECT role in deactivating the myosin ATPase activity?

Right atrium

If the clot breaks loose and reaches the heart, at which site will it enter the heart first?

Uric acid, abnormal product of purine metabolism

Dr. Roychowdry decided that he might have gout due to build the molecule that causes gout, which is __ .

Calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths become dislodged into one of the semicircular canals.

You realize that he may be suffering from positional vertigo which is caused by:

Pulmonary artery if on right side of heart, aorta if on left side of the heart

WHEN THE CLOT LEAVES at which site will EXIT the heart first.

Joint receptors, golgi tendon organs, and muscle spindles

The three types of proprioceptors found within the body include all the following:

Stretch Reflex, spine

This is the which is controlled by _ .

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

What cranial nerves are in order?