SLPA 455 Test/Quiz questions

(Q1) (T or F) The peripheral nervous system is composed of your brain and spinal cord.

False

(Q1) (T or F) Motor signals (going from the brain to the periphery) are conveyed along efferent neurons, and sensory information (from the periphery to the brain) is transmitted by afferent nerve fibers.

True

(Q1) (T or F) Passive forces are generated by contraction of chest wall muscles during inspiration.

False

(Q1) ( T or F) The primary function of the pulmonary apparatus is to support speech production.

False

(Q1) The respiratory system are shown in what planes in images A to C?

A = Axial, B = Coronal, C = Sagittal

(Q1) (T or F) The ribcage and abdomen (AB) are regarded as components of the CHEST WALL, but are not essential for respiration, speech, and voice production.

False

(Q1) Muscles for inspiration versus muscles for expiration are examples of _________ muscles.

Antagonist

(Q1) (T or F) The ribcage is a rigid structure which consists of 18 pairs of immovable ribs made entirely of bone with immovable attachments to the sternum and vertebral column.

False

(Q1) Your thoracic spine is _________ to your sternum. (anatomical position)

Dorsal

(Q1) Pleural Pressure is ______. (check all that apply:)

• always positive

• always negative

• is fluctuating negative to positive

• is fluctuating positive to negative

ALWAYS Negative

(Q2) Assume lips/mouth open and vocal folds abducted. Now, a rapid increase in the vertical dimension of lung space within the rib cage is associated with:

a.) increased alveolar pressure primarily due to active contraction of the diaphragm and expiratory air flow

b.) increased alveolar pressure primarily due to active contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory air flow

c.) decreased alveolar pressure primarily due to active contraction of the diaphragm and expiratory air flow.

d.) Decreased alveolar pressure primarily due to active contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory air flow

d.) decreased alveolar pressure primarily due to active contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory air flow.

(Q2) Which of the following helps decrease the surface tension in the alveoli to improve respiratory function?

• essential oils'

• surfactant

• synovial fluid

• pleural fluid

Surfactant

(Q2) (pick the BEST answer) Sources of passive force in the chest wall include:

• The elasticity and contraction of the Pectoralis Major muscle

• Recoil of muscles, connective tissue, bone (ribs), cartilage (ribs), ligaments, surface tension of alveoli, and gravity

• Diaphragm muscle contraction

• Contraction of the scalenes muscles

Recoil of muscles, connective tissue, bone (ribs), cartilage (ribs), ligaments, surface tension of alveoli, and gravity

(Q2) The costosternal and costovertebral joins make the following movements possible:

• Flexion of the cervical vertebrae

• Hip flexion relative to the lumbar spine

• “bucket-handle” and “pump-handle” rotation of the ribs

• Skull rotation

“bucket-handle and “pump-handle” rotation of the ribs.

(Q2) Increasing lung volume from 38% to 60% vital capacity in preparation for conversational speech likely involves activation of these muscles:

• interosseous internal intercostal muscles

• rectus abdominus muscles

• subcostal muscles

• external intercostal & diaphragm muscles

external intercostal & diaphragm muscles

(Q2) (T or F) The narrow space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura is normally filled with air to facilitate coupling of the rib cage wall to the lungs, thereby allowing the lungs to expand during inspiration.

False

(Q2) Identify the muscle pairs listen below which are antagonists:

• levatores costarum and pectoralis major

• External intercostals and intercartilaginous internal intercostals

• Sternocleidomastoid and interosseus internal intercostals

• scalenes (all) and lateral iliocostalis cervicis

• Lateral iliocostalis lumborum and quadratus lumborum

Sternocleidomastoid and interosseous internal intercostals

(Q2) Your functional residual (reserve) capacity is…

• IRV + VC

• TV + IRV

• IRV + ERV

• ERV + RV

ERV + RV

(Q2) (T or F) In relation to breathing, contraction of the abdominal muscles (rectus abdominal, transversus and the external and internal obliques) serve to compress the abdominal contents and pull ribs downward, thus providing a forceful inspiratory drive.

False

(Q2) (T or F) The transversus abdominus muscles is deep to the internal oblique abdominal muscles, and is especially effective at compressing abdominal contents.

True

(T1) Identify the location term matching “c” in the diagram:

• Anterior and dorsal

• caudal and rostral

• posterior and dorsal

• posterior and ventral

• anterior and ventral

anterior and ventral

(T1) Which muscle has fibers from sternal, costal, and vertebral portions inserting into its central tendon?

• latissimus dorsi

• diaphragm

• quadratus lumborum

• sternocleidomastoid

• external oblique

Diaphragm

(T1) Which of the following monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood?

• terminal end buttons

• lewy body receptors

• central chemoreceptors

• peripheral chemoreceptors

• mechanoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

(T1) A pneumothorax is primarily characterized by which of the following?

• air escaping from the lung into the pleural space causing positive pleural pressure

• aspiration of foreign material into the lungs

• low levels of surfactant production changing pleural pressure

• the replacement of lung tissue with stiff, scar-like tissure

• air escaping from the lung into the pleural space causing negative pleural pressure

air escaping from the lung into the pleural space causing positive pleural pressure

(T1) The movement of the ribs that primarily helps increase transverse (side to side) thorax dimensions is the:

• bucket handle

• clavicual-sternal handle

• none are correct

• pump handle

• sternal handle

bucket handle

(T1) what structure forms the superior boundary of the chest cavity?

• pectoral girdle

• diaphragm

• larynx

• lumbar spine

• pelvic girdle

Pectoral girdle

(T1) Identify the four major abdominal muscles important for exhalation:

• rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques

• subclavius, rectus abdominus, levatores costarum, transversus abdominus

• external obliques, internal obliques, lateral iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum

• rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, lateral iliocostalis cervicis, serratus posterior superior

rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques

(T1) In contranst to quiet speech, loud speech is associated with higher targeted alveolar pressure in addition to:

• larger lung volumes and greater relaxation pressure

• larger lung volumes and lesser relaxation pressure

• smaller lung volumes and smaller relaxation pressure

• smaller lung volumes and greater relaxation pressure

larger lung volumes and greater relaxation pressure

(T1) The different layers of the meninges are:

• Parietal, visceral, pia

• Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

• Arachnoid, Alma, Dura

• Dura, Visceral, parietal

Dura, Arachnoid, Pia (think DAP)

(T1) (T or F) Air pressure inside the lungs is known as pleural pressure.

False

(T1) Which of the following are True Ribs?

• 8-10

• 1-7

• 11-12

• none of these

• all of them

True ribs = 1-7!

(T1) Contraction of which muscle will produce expiratory force?

• inter-cartilaginous internal intercostals

• pectoralis minor

• masseter

• external intercostals

• interosseous internal intercostal

Interosseus internal intercostals

(T1) The thin tissue covering the surface of the chest wall that forms one side of the “pleural sandwich” is known as:

• abdominal pleura

• transverse pleural

• parietal pleura

• visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

(T1) As people age, their vital capacity…

• fluctuates

• stays the same

• decreases

• increases

decreases

(T1) Quick changes in loudness, pitch and timing of the voice during running speech is known as:

• language fluctuation

• speech flow

• linguistic stress

• respiratory braking

Linguistic stress

(T1) Slurring of words due to decreased coordination and proprioception (awareness of body position and movement) is likely due to damage of the:

• cerebellum

• brain stem

• motor strip

• parietal lobe

• sensory strip

Cerebellum

(T1) Damage to the corticospinal tract will likely result in which of the following impairment(s):

• decreased movement of the tongue and face

• Decreased movement of the tongue during articulation

• Food entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

• decreased movement of the tongue during articulation and the diaphragm during respiration

• decreased movement of the diaphragm during respiration

Decreased movement of the diaphragm during respiration

(T1) In the supine position:

• there is no different in body shape of position that when upright.

• the abdominal wall falls in, and the diaphragm falls toward the head, meaning the person will shout quieter than when upright.

• the abdominal wall falls in, and the diaphragm falls toward the feet, meaning the person will shout quieter than when upright.

• the abdominal wall falls in, and the diaphragm falls toward the feet, meaning the person can shout louder than when upright

• the abdominal wall falls in, and the diaphragm falls toward the head, meaning the person can shout louder than when upright.

the abdominal wall falls in, and the diaphragm falls toward the head, meaning the person will shout quieter than when upright

(T1) use the combined lung and chest wall relaxation pressure curve to answer the following question:

At 90% vital capacity (point a) the recoil/relaxation pressure is:

• positive for the chest wall and negative for the lungs

• negative for the chest wall and positive for the lungs

• positive for both the chest wall and lungs

• negative for both the chest wall and lungs

Positive for both the chest wall and lungs

(T1) The lungs and larynx are considered to be part of the ______ for speech

• source / generator

• oral system

• filter

Source / generator

(T1) in which neural structure is the central pattern generator for respiration located

Medulla of the brain stem

(T1) A client with spinal cord injury resulting in poor control of muscles of the ribcage and diaphragm may have to resort to which type of non-typical breathing pattern?

Clavicular breathing

(T1) Which of the following is an example of running speech?

• sustain vowel production

• repeated syllable production (eg la la la)

• singing a note

• public speaking

public speaking!

(T1) An injury impairing an individual’s ability to move their tongue would affect which of the four subsystems?

• pharyngeal-oral

• velopharyngeal nasal

• respiratory

• laryngeal

pharyngeal - oral

(T1) When the lungs are removed from the body, they rest and are at equilibrium:

• slightly open

• not enough info to answer

• collapsed

• fully open

collapsed

(T1) Label #26 on the graph below

• tidal volume

• expiratory reserve volume

• vital capacity

• inspiratory capacity

• inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

(T1) Label #27 on the graph below.

• inspiratory capacity

• tidal volume

• inspiratory reserve volume

• vital capacity

• expiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory capacity

(T1) Label #28 on the graph below

• inspiratory reserve volume

• residual volume

• tidal volume

• functional residual (reserve) capacity

• expiratory reserve volume

tidal volume

(T1) Label #29 on the graph below

• tidal volume

• residual volume

• inspiratory reserve volume

• expiratory reserve volume

• functional residual (reserve) capacity

Expiratory Reserve volume

(T1) Label #30 on the graph below (the vertical line by the 30 should be continuous)

• tidal volume

• functional residual (reserve) capacity

• expiratory reserve volume

• inspiratory reserve volume

• residual volume

Functional residual (reserve) capacity

(T1) When you are laying on your front, you are said to be in the _____ position.

Prone

(T1) The plane that would split your body into left and right lateral sides is known as the:

Sagittal plane

(T1) During respiratory braking, active forces are working ________ relaxation/recoil pressures.

• in synergy with

• in opposition to

• to enhance

• to multiply

in opposition to!

(T1) The electrical signal that travels down the axon is known as

an action potential

(T1) running speech usually occurs in the mid-range (60%) of:

• inspiratory volume

• tidal volume

• inspiratory capacity

• expiratory capacity

• vital capacity

vital capacity

(T1)Label #36 in the picture below

• bronchus

• trachea

• larynx

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

nasopharynx

(T1) Label #37 in the picture below

• oropharynx

• bronchus

• nasopharynx

• trachea

• larynx

larynx

(T1) Label #38 in the picture below

• oropharynx

• trachea

• larynx

• nasopharynx

• bronchus

trachea

(T1) Label #39 on the picture below

• epiglottis

• velum

• bronchus

• alveoli

• bronchioles

velum

(T1) Label #40 on the picture below

• bronchioles

• epiglottis

• bronchus

• velum

• alveoli

bronchus

(T1) (T or F) A person cannot have impaired speech but intact language as both speech and language are synonymous terms (ie. speech and language are the same thing)

False

(T1) Which muscle is most effective at compressing abdominal contents like a belt?

Transverse abdominis

(T1) An adult with respiratory injury that results in a reduction in vital capacity would most likely…

• speak in long sentences

• speak louder

• produce more words/syllables per breath

• produce less words/syllables per breath

produce less words/syllables per breath

(T1) The lateral iliocostalis group contains ___ muscle groups, containing the ______,__ _______,__ and _____ sections.

Three; Cervicus, Lumborum, Thoracis

(T1) The sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis major are:

• antagonists for expiration

• synergists for inspiration

• antagonists for inspiration

• synergists for expiration

synergists for inspiration

(T1) (T or F) Active forces come from the elastic recoil of connective tissues (eg. cartilage), lung tissues, surface tneison, and gravity.

False

(T1) When the chest wall is at rest, intra-pleural pressure is:

• fluctuating above and below atmospheric pressure depending upon the phase of the respiratory cycle

• positive, above atmospheric pressure

• the same as atmospheric pressure

• negative, below atmospheric pressure

negative, below atmospheric pressure

(T1) Alveoli pressure changing to a level below atmospheric pressure results in…

• expiration

• inspiration

• both inspiration and expiration

• depends on the task

inspiration

(T1) (T or F) Intra-oral pressure would be higher for a stop consonant sound like “p” than for a vowel sound like “ahhhh”

True

(T1) If a person has damage to their right Phrenic nerve, you would expect the person to have:

• impairment to the movement of the pectoralis major’s left side

• impairment to the movement of the diaphragm’s left side

• none are correct

• impairment to the movement of the pectoralis major’s right side

• impairment to the movement of the diaphragm’s right side

• impairment to the movement of the diaphragm on both sides

• impairment to the movement of the pectoralis major on both sides

impairment to the movement of the diaphragm’s right side

(Q3) (T or F) Abduction of the vocal ligaments results primarily from contraction of the Pars rectus muscle.

False

(Q3) The primary movement of the arytenoid cartilage is:

Rocking

(Q3) (T or F) The conus elasticus is a thinning of the cricothyroid ligament, and gives rise to the vocal ligament.

False (conus elasticus is a THICKENING of the CT ligament)

(Q3) The larynx has multiple functions including:

• prevent debris/food from entering airway

• creating thoracic (sub glottal) pressure

• increase subglottal pressure

• All are correct

All of are correct!

(Q3) Which muscle primarily serves to lower medial compression of the vocal folds and widen the glottis?

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

(Q3) Which of the following best describes the location of Letter “A” in this image:

False vocal folds

(Q3) During running speech, quick changes in pitch are primarily facilitated by joints lubricated with

• surfactant

• ligamental fluid

• mucosal fluid

• synovial fluid

• none of the above

synovial fluid

(Q3) (T or F) If you want to help someone with a tracheotomy tube speak, it is important to find a 2-way valve to place on the tracheostomy tube so air can move freely in and out through the tracheostomy tube.

False

(Q3) (T or F) The intrinsic muscles of the larynx primarily function to change the location/position of the laryngeal housing

False

(Q3) The ventricular folds (false vocal folds) are

• located inferior to the true vocal folds. Ideally, the ventricular folds are used to generate voice

• located superior to the true vocal folds. ideally, the ventricular folds are used to generate voice

• Located inferior to the true vocal folds. Ideally, the ventricular folds are not used to generate voice

• Located superiorly to the true vocal folds. Ideally, the ventricular folds are not used to generate voice.

located superiorly to the true vocal folds. Ideally, the ventricular folds are NOT used to generate voice

(Q4) An expected fundamental frequency range for a male is

• 85-180 Hz

• 165-255 Hz

• 85-180 dB

• 165-255 dB

85-180 Hz

(Q4) The muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage serves as the insertion for:

• vocalis muscle and omohyoid muscle

• posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and stylohyoid muscle

• posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and lateral cricoarytneoid muscle

• rectus and oblique heads of the cricothyroid muscle

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

(Q4) A soft/breathy vocal attack is associated with:

• extreme contraction on the LCA to create low laryngeal opposing pressure

• light contraction on the LCA to create high laryngeal opposing pressure

• Extreme contraction on the PCA to create low laryngeal opposing pressure

• extreme contraction on the PCA to create high laryngeal opposing pressure

• extreme contraction on the LCA to create high laryngeal opposing pressure

• Light contraction on the LCA to create low laryngeal opposing pressure

• Light contraction of the CT muscle to create high laryngeal opposing pressure

• to create low laryngeal opposing pressure

light contraction on the LCA to create low laryngeal opposing pressure

(Q4) (T or F) Contraction of the PCA abducts the vocal folds, and are active during deep inspirations

True

(Q4) Falsetto voice (high pitch) is voice supported by

• increased levels of vocal fold tension, and a slow vibration frequency

• low levels of vocal fold tension, and a rapid vibration frequency

• increased levels of vocal fold tension, and a rapid vibration frequency

• Increased levels fo vocal fold tension, and a slow vibration frequency

increased levels of vocal fold tension, and a rapid vibration frequency

(Q4) (T or F) During a hard glottal attack, expiratory airflow precedes vocal fold vibration

False

(Q4) (T or F) Muscles above the hyoid bone are antagonistic with those below the hyoid bone.

True

(Q4) Activation of which muscle(s) would best support my ability to shout loudly?

• a - lateral cricoarytenoid

• b- posterior cricoarytenoid

• c- interarytenoid

• d- cricothyroid

• a and d

• c and c

• a and c

a and c (lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid

(Q4) Which nerve/branch controls the cricothyroid muscle?

External superior laryngeal nerve

(Q4) Number 2 in the image below refers to the:

Thyroarytenoid muscle

(T2) In the source-filter theory of voice production, the larynx services as the:

source/generator

(T2) Label D on the diagram

• treu vocal folds

• false vocal folds

• cricoid cartilage

• thyroid cartilage

• hyoid bone

hyoid bone

(T2) Label F on the diagram

• cricoid cartilage

• posterior pharyngeal wall

• epiglottis

• hyoid bone

• thyroid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

(T2) Which of the following extrinsic muscles or muscles would best support increased pitch?

• A- thyrohyoid

• b - sternohyoid

• c - omohyoid

• A and C

• A and B

• B and C

A - Just Thyrohyoid

(T2) Which of the following may best help someone speak after a total laryngectomy?

• walkie talkies

• electrolarynx

• masako maneuver

• vocal attacks

• gentle onsets

• none of the above

electrolarynx

(T2) which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is regarded as the primary pitch/fundamental frequency controller for voice?

• posterior cricoarytenoid m.

• cricothyroid m

• interarytenoid m

• vocalis m

Cricothyroid m

(T2) (T or F) The arytenoid cartilages are located immediately superior to the cricoid cartilage

True

(T2) (T or F) Vocal fold oscillations are the result of rapid, alternating, muscular contractions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

false

(T2) Your perception of vocal fold vibration amplitude is known as:

Loudness

(T2) Damage to the superior laryngeal nerve (external branch) would impair which of the following muscles (or muscle)?

• a - cricothyroid muscle

• b - vocalis muscle

• c - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

• d - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

• a and b

• a nad c

• b and d

• c and d

a - just cricothyroid muscle