7th Grade Midterm Study Set (Chapters 1-5)

goggles

protects eyes from chemical splashes

fire extinguisher

A device that sprays chemicals that put out fires.

gloves

personal protective equipment used to protect skin on hands from harmful germs

eye wash station

used to wash chemicals from your eyes

first aid kit

A set of tools that you use for a simple medical treatment that is given as soon as possible.

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Observation

the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

Conclusion

A summary based on evidence or facts

analysis

The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another.

controlled variable

a factor in an experiment that remains constant

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

law

a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions

Data

Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Qualitative

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity. (Opinions)

Repetition of an experiment _.

doing the same experiment over and over again by the same person.

Replication in an experiment

Redoing an experiment from another scientist

Stimulus

A change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react

response

a reaction to a stimulus

internal stimuli

cues from within an animal for survival; (hunger, thirst, sleepiness)

external stimuli

Things that are heard, seen, tasted, felt, or smelled

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Adaptation

A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

selective breeding

the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits

GMO

genetically modified organism

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

genetic diversity

The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species.

species diversity

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.

ecological diversity

the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Phototropism

Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

circle graph

A data display that uses pieces of a circle to show parts of a whole

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

DRY MIX

Dependent variable, Responding, Y-axis, Manipulated variable, Independent variable, X-axis

x-axis

the horizontal line on a graph

y-axis

the vertical line on a graph

Graphs must have

Title, X-Axis and Y-Axis labels, Including units, if needed, Even scale, Key, if needed

data table

Any display of information in tabular form, with rows and/or columns named.

SI units

a system of physical units ( SI Units ) based on the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division by a power of ten.

metric system

The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.

graduated cylinder

instrument used to measure volume of a liquid

thermometer

An instrument used to measure temperature

meter stick

tool used to measure length

triple beam balance

instrument used to measure mass

SI unit for mass

kilogram (kg)

SI unit for temperature

Kelvin (K)

SI unit for length

meter (m)

SI unit for time

second (s)

SI unit for volume

cubic meter (m^3) or liter (L) or millimeter (mL)

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Kingdom Eubacteria

A kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria

considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae, live in extreme environments

Kingdom Protista

eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae

Kingdom Fungi

contains organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including molds and mushrooms.

Kingdom Plantae

Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food.

Kingdom Animalia

animals

Cell

Basic unit of life

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope

Matthais Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Cell theory states

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

Rudolf Virchow

All cells come from other cells

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

inherited trait

a characteristic passed on from a parent to an offspring like eye or fur color

dominant trait

A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.

recessive trait

a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

Genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

Genes, DNA, Chromosomes, Nucleus

Smallest to largest in the cell

acquired trait

A trait that is not in your genes but is picked up from environmental factors.

dichotomous key

a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Aa)

Alleeles

Different forms of a gene

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell